Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
DRUG CLASSES Understanding different drug types will help you to…
DRUG CLASSES
Understanding different drug types will help you to recognise the effects and potential harms.
DEPRESSANTS -NAM
psychoactive drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system, in which reduces a person's alertness, and also slows down functions such as breathing and heart rate - AA
For examples
Tranquilizer - AA
Common side effects - WQ
Drowsiness, dizziness - WQ
Problems with movement and memory - WQ
Slow heart rate and breathing rate - WQ
Mood swings and inappropriate behavior - WQ
Risk of dependence and addiction - WQ
Uses - IMA
Reduces anxiety, fear, tension etc. -IMA
Treats people with mental disturbances such as schizophrenics, anxiety disorders -IMA
Does not cure the diseases, just make patients calm and suppress the symptoms (temporarily) such as hallucinations -IMA
Classification - WQ
Minor tranquilizer - WQ
Also known as anxiolytics - WQ
Also known as
antianxiety agents
. -AA
For sedation and to treat anxiety - WQ
Examples: Benzodiazepines - WQ
To treat
milder states of anxiety and tension
in healthy individuals or people with less serious mental disorders. -AA
Major tranquilizer - WQ
Also known as neuroleptics - WQ
Also known as
antipsychotic agents
- AA
To treat psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, hallucinations and other delusions - WQ
Examples: Phenothiazines, thioxanthenes - WQ
-YWWS
Tranquilizer darts using Ketamine -IMA
Using a rifle, blowgun, darts or syringe to targeted animals -IMA
EFFECTS:
At low doses, can reduce pain, however if misused can cause hallucinations and can affect the way you see and hear -IMA
In humans and animals, the effects of a tranquilizer wears off within 1 hour -IMA
Used by zookeepers, animal researchers and veterinarians to tranquilize bears, elephants, horses,tigers, monkeys, birds etc. -IMA
Purposes -IMA
For further research -IMA
They are in the wrong place and pose a threat to others/ risking themselves in getting hurt/ causing injuries -IMA
For treatment
-IMA
Maybe they hurt themselves beforehand in the wild and they need to be taken in to clean, treat their wounds and be given antibiotics -IMA
To protect the species -IMA
Makes the person/ animal unable to move as when the dart strikes a person/ animal, the contents of the tranquilizer flows into the muscle and metabolizes quickly causing a person/ animal to be knocked out or cannot move (however they are still able to breathe) -IMA
WHAT IS KETAMINE? -IMA
Anesthesia drug -IMA
Use for the treatment of pain and depression -IMA
Taking too much can lead to dependence (because it makes someone addictive to the drug) and cause someone to go into withdrawal symptoms if they stop consuming the drug. -IMA
Structure of Ketamine
-IMA
chlordiazepoxidehydrochloride.
Brand name: Librium
[ 1st tranquilizer in 1960] - AA
Benzodiazepines - RJ
ASA
Primarily used to treat anxiety, panic, seizures and insomnia. It works by affecting neurotransmitter in brain - RJ
Side effects - RJ
Dizziness - RJ
Weakness - RJ
Sedation - ASA
Confusion - ASA
Agression - ASA
Headache - RJ
Addicts
have a higher risk for developing
dementia
, an illness affecting the brain that causes
gradual memory loss
and problems with language and motor skills, in the long term - ASA
Unsteadiness - AA
Sleep disturbance - AA
Irritability - AA
Excitement - AA
Memory impairment - AA
Loss of orientation - AA
Depression - AA
Types of benzodiazepines
- ASA
Alprazolam (Xanax)
have intermediate onsets of action
use to treat anxiety - ASA
Diazepam (Valium)
have fast onsets of action (start working within 30 to 60 minutes)
treat anxiety, seizures, and as anesthesia - ASA
is used for muscle relaxation. - AA
LONG ACTING - AA
Midazolam (Versed)
short-acting agents with durations of action of 3-8 hours.
use in anesthesia - ASA
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
long-acting agents with duration of action of 1-3 days.
to treat seizures - ASA
Temazepam (Restoril)
intermediate-acting agents with durations of action of 11-20 hours.
to treat insomnia - ASA
SHORT ACTING - AA
Slow down the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) and the messages travelling between the brain and the body. - AA
Is known as
MINOR TRANQUILISER
- AA
HOW TO USE? BY SWALLOWING & INJECTING - AA
Barbiturates- AA
Side effects -IMA
sleepiness, drowsiness, reduced alertness -IMA
Dizziness, lightheadedness, sedation, headache, nausea and vomiting. -AA
Impaired judgement, loss coordination and slurred speech - AB
Risks -IMA
Psychological and physical addiction -IMA
Not easy to withdraw from the drug (can die from it) -IMA
Experiences withdrawal symptoms -IMA
Aggression, anxiety, nausea,insomnia, tremors, shakiness, seizures, agitation, abdominal cramps, fatigue and changes in behavior -IMA
Can lead to DEPENDENCE (cannot stop consuming the drug; wants more) -IMA
Sudden withdrawal from consuming drugs may lead to death - AB
Fatal overdose (higher in barbiturates compared to other drugs) -IMA
TOLERANCE -IMA
More quantity of drugs are needed to achieve the desired effect as the body does not respond to the drug in low quantities -IMA
CAUSE: Repeated use of a drug over time
Classes - WQ
Ultrashort acting / Thiopental: Half life 6 to 26 hours - WQ
Duration of action
Short acting / Secobarbital / Pentobarbital: Half life 22 to 30 hours - WQ
Dosage: capsule 100mg - AA
Intermediate acting / Amobarbital: Half life 24 hours - WQ
Dosage: powder of injection 500mg - AA
Long acting / Phenobarbital: Half life 4 days - WQ
Uses - WQ
Reduce time to fall asleep - WQ
increase total sleep time - WQ
Reduce REM sleep time - WQ
- AA
Have anticonvulsants and anesthetics effects - WQ
Prevent seizures -IMA
Relieve anxiety -AB
Can treat:
Seizure disorder (epilepsy), increased pressure in skulls, severe skulls trauma, and some types of convulsion - AB
Also used as a form of anesthetic - AB
off label use: migraines, alcohol poisoning and withdrawal, jaundice and trauma
EXTRA INFORMATION -IMA
PRESENT DAY: BARBITURATES ARE NOT COMMON!! ( BUT IT STILL EXISTS AND USED FOR CERTAIN MEDICAL CONDITIONS ) -IMA
POPULAR SLEEPING PILLS -IMA
-IMA
Vets use it to put animals to sleep -IMA
Except for phenobarbitone in epilepsy and thiopentone in anaesthesia , no any others barbiturates are use now -YWWS
Benzodiazepines has mainly replaced barbiturates to treat people -IMA
It was used by the Nazis during World War 2 for euthanasia/ mercy killing -IMA
Structure of barbiturate -IMA
-IMA
HISTORY OF BARBITURATES -IMA
1864:
Adolf Von Baeyer (German Scientist) prepared the first barbituric acid (by combining urea from animals and malonic acid from apples)
1903:
Bayer commercializes it as Veronal for its sedative and hypnotic effects (basically to help one to go to sleep)
They altered the compound and created a psychoactive drug “barbiturate” - AA
1911:
Phenobarbital was synthesized and discovered to reduce night seizures
EXPECTED TIME FOR A POSITIVE URINE DRUG SCREEN -IMA
SHORT ACTING BARBITURATES: 2-4 DAYS -IMA
LONG ACTING BARBITURATES: UP TO 30 DAYS -IMA
Definition -IMA
is a CNS depressant that enhances the action of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) - AA
CURE FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE ADDICTED TO BARBITURATES? -IMA
They must be taken to the hospital for further treatment as the treatment given by doctor depends on the symptoms that they face (particularly if they just begin to withdraw from the drug) -IMA
Eg. gastrological medicines for someone who has nausea and vomiting or sleep aids for someone with insomnia -IMA
Generally, these people need support (from their families especially) -IMA
Never leave them to withdraw the symptoms on their own (please seek medical care) as withdrawal symptoms may be severe -IMA
BARBITURATE DETOX PROGRAMS -IMA
first stage of the treatment for barbiturates abuse -IMA
FOCUS:
To control the withdrawal symptoms so that patients can move into the next stage of treatment -IMA
Hypnotics
- WQ
Sleeping pills - WQ
To induce sleep - WQ
To treat insomnia / sleeplessness - WQ
caused by stress, traumatic events, depression, anxiety and medication. - AA
For surgical anesthesia - WQ
Additive hypnotics - WQ
Benzodiazepines - WQ
Can develop physical dependence after several days of taking them - WQ
Risk is higher during long-term use - WQ
Examples: Xanax, valium, ativan, librium - WQ
HOW IT WORKS? -YWWS
Bind to the benzodiazepine receptors on GABAA receptors in the brain and enhance the neuronal inhibition by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). -YWWS
Various benzodiazepine receptor subtypes are thought to mediate different functional effects. -YWWS
4 more items...
Common side effects - WQ
Diarrhea - WQ
Dizziness - WQ
Headache - WQ
Heartburn - WQ
Unusual dreams - WQ
Weakness - WQ
Mental slowing - WQ
Nausea- AA
Dry mouth - AA
Rebound insomnia - AA
Short - term forgetfulness - AA
Confusion - AA
Unpleasant taste - AA
Examples - WQ
Quinazolinones - WQ
A hypnotic that contains a 4-quinazolinone core - WQ
Used in the treatment of cancer - WQ
Have anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-HIV and anti-analgesic properties -WQ
- AA
Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics - WQ
Have effects in treating sleeplessness and insomnia - WQ
Zolpidem: Used for the short-term treatment of insomnia to improve sleep latency - WQ
Indiplon: To treat insomnia and depression - WQ
Ocinaplon: To treat anxiety disorders - WQ
-IMA
sleep aids, sleeping pills, or soporifics - AA
ALCOHOL -SP
Most widely abused substances across most of the world - SP
Alcoholism - SP
Alcohol use actually changes the chemical balance of many organs, including the brain. Over time, the body and brain become accustomed to these changes, and they come to depend on alcohol to function “normally.” - SP
Rehab and treament - SP
Detox and withdrawal - SP
Detox: the process by which your body rids itself of toxic chemicals, a process which can be artificially aided. - SP
Withdrawal from alcohol can be a very difficult process, especially for long-term and severe alcoholics. - SP
2 more items...
Inpatient and Outpatient rehab - SP
Inpatient rehab requires patients to stay in the facility in a residential setting while they are undergoing treatment. - SP
Outpatient rehab allows patients to stay at their homes and then come to a facility or multiple facilities for treatment during the day. - SP
Continuing treatment and support group - SP
Medication to stop alcohol use disorder: - AA
3 more items...
As a central nervous system depressant - SP
creates feelings of euphoria and lowers inhibitions - SP
severely impairs judgment, perception, and reaction times - SP
causes the most severe long-term damage to the liver - SP
Alcohol-related liver disease - SP
Alcoholic fatty liver disease - SP
build-up of fats in the liver - SP
Fatty liver disease is reversible. If you stop drinking alcohol for 2 weeks, your liver should return to normal. - SP
Alcoholic hepatitis - SP
Cirrhosis - SP
liver has become significantly scarred. - SP
A person who has alcohol-related cirrhosis and does not stop drinking has a less than 50% chance of living for at least 5 more years. - SP
- AA
Alcoholic liver disease -IMA
Sample alternatives for alcohol drug testing: - SP
Breath
Breath/blood Alcohol Concentration - SP
20-99mg% : Loss of muscle coordination - SP
100-199mg% : Neurologic impairment, ataxia, prolonged reaction, mental impairment, incoordination - SP
200-299mg% : Nausea, vomiting, ataxia - SP
300-399mg% : Hypothermia, dysarthria, amnesia, stupor - SP
400- >mg% : Serious decrease in pulse, blood pressure, temperature and respiratory rate; coma - SP
Blood
Urine
Saliva
Effets of alcohol overdose -YWWS
Severe depressant effect
inability to feel pain -YWWS
Toxicity where the body vomits the poison. -YWWS
Unconsciousness. -YWWS
coma or death (severe toxic overdose) -YWWS
Alcohol poisoning - WQ
Occurs when a person drinks a toxic amount of alcohol, usually over a short period of time - WQ
Signs and symptoms - WQ
Confusion - WQ
Severely slurred speech - WQ
Loss of coordination - WQ
Vomiting - WQ
Irregular or slow breathing - WQ
Dangers - WQ
Stop breathing - WQ
Have a heart attack - WQ
Die by choking on their own vomit - WQ
Become severely dehydrated - WQ
Have fits or seizures - WQ
What it looks like -IMA
The only kind of alcohol used in beverage is Ethyl alcohol (ethanol). --YWWS
Produced by the fermentation of grains and fruits -YWWS
Content (%) of alcohol in different beverage:
Beer
2–6% alcohol;
Cider
4–8% alcohol;
Wine
8–20% alcohol;
Tequila
40% alcohol;
Rum
40% or more alcohol ;
Brandy
40% or more alcohol;
Gin
40–47% alcohol;
Whiskey
40–50% alcohol;
Vodka
40–50% alcohol;
Liqueurs
15–60% alcohol -YWWS
Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) - WQ
0.00 - 0.05% Mild impairment - WQ
Mild speech, attention, coordination and balance impairments - WQ
Sleepiness can begin - WQ
0.06 - 0.15% Increased impairment - WQ
Relaxation -WQ
Increased risk of aggression - WQ
Impaired speech, attention, coordination and balance - WQ
Increased risk of injury to self and others - WQ
0.16 - 0.30% Severe impairment - WQ
Speech, attention, coordination and balance are significantly impaired - WQ
Impaired judgement and decision-making - WQ
Loss of consciousness - WQ
0.31 - 0.45% Life threatening - WQ
Loss of consciousness - WQ
Danger of life-threatening alcohol poisoning - WQ
Significant risk of death due to suppression of vital life functions - WQ
- SP
What are the signs of Alcohol Use Disorder? - AA
1) Feel like you have to drink - AA
2) Cannot control how much you drink - AA
3) Feel bad when you can’t drink -AA
Cannabis
- ASA
Cannabis has different effects on different people. The effect can also vary according to the mood or atmosphere in which the person uses it. -YWWS
Examples of the
effect
- ASA
Euphoria - ASA
Difficulty concentrating - ASA
Increase appetite - ASA
Feeling relaxed - ASA
Primarily used for medical or recreational purposes - ASA
For
medical
purposes, it could be administered through inhalation (vapors), orally/sublingually, ointments, dermal patches, and rectal administration - ASA
For
recreational
purposes, cannabis mainly administered through smoking and vaporization - ASA
Types of cannabis -YWWS
Marijuana -YWWS
The most common and least concentrated form.It is made from dried plant leaves and flowers.Marijuana looks like chopped grass and ranges in colour from grey-green to greenish-brown. It is usually smoked in a water pipe (bong), pipe or hand-rolled cigarette (joint) -YWWS
ASA
Hashish -YWWS
small blocks of dried cannabis resin. Blocks range in colour from light brown to nearly black. The concentration of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) in hashish is higher than in marijuana -YWWS
ASA
Hash oil -YWWS
A thick, oily liquid extracted from hashish, ranging in colour from golden-brown to black. It is usually spread on the tip or paper of cigarettes and then smoked. -YWWS
ASA
Adverse effects - WQ
Short term effects - WQ
Anxiety and panic - WQ
Impaired attention and memory - WQ
An increased risk of psychotic symptoms - WQ
Inability to think clearly - WQ
An increased risk of accidents - WQ
Long term effects - WQ
Risk of developing diseases of liver (particularly with co-existing hepatitis C), lungs, heart and vasculature - WQ
Depression, hyperactivity and inattention in children - WQ
3 Plants:
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
, and
Cannabis ruderalis
. -AA
Cannabis sativa
- AA
Cannabis indica - AA
relaxing and calming effects. -AA
Side Effects: - AA
coordination issues - AA
delayed reaction time - AA
nausea -AA
lethargy -AA
anxiety -AA
increased heart rate -AA
decreased blood pressure -AA
paranoia -AA
Withdrawal Symptoms
: cravings, difficulty sleeping, mood swings, irritability and restlessness - AA
OPIATES - WQ
Derived from poppy plants - WQ
Examples:
Morphine and codeine
- WQ
Eat poppy seeds in quantity → Positive urine drug screen for morphine and codeine - WQ
Codeine
- ZZA
mild to moderate pain reliever, severe pain when combined with paracetamol or NSAID
cough suppressant
treat diarrhea
Morphine
- ZZA
treat acute to chronic severe pain e.g. labor pain, cancer pain, myocardial infarction
in low dose reduce symptom of dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Opium alkaloids or naturally occurring compounds derived from the juice of opium poppy plant -YWWS
Semi-synthetic opiate - WQ
Example:
Heroin
- WQ
Heroin does not occur naturally but through acetylation of morphine - WQ
Heroine
- ZZA
as recreational drug for its euphoric effect
as treatment for acute and chronic pain such as myocardial infarction, post-surgery pain, terminal illnesses (but not accepted in some countries)
Heroin metabolism:
Heroin → Monoacetylmorphine → Morphine
(Through hydrolysis) - WQ
Uses and Side effect
-YWWS
Uses -YWWS
Euphoric effect
which can develop in a short period: can make some people feel
relaxed, happy or "high"
-YWWS
As
analgesic agents
- WQ
Block pain messages from sending from the body to the brain through the spinal cord - WQ
To relieve pain & stress -IMA
As
replacement therapy
to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) - ZZA
Taken as a replacement for opioid e.g. heroine, as a treatment for drug dependence which leads to cessation of opioid use and prevent physical withdrawal symptoms - ZZA
Pain killer:
Typically prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain by attach to the opiate receptors in body, and sending signal to brain to block the pain signals between the brain and body. -YWWS
Side effect
:
slowed breathing, constipation, nausea, confusion and drowsiness -YWWS;
euphoric effect, extreme relaxation - ZZA
Long term
use -YWWS
can lead to addiction -YWWS
damage to vital organs e.g. kidney, brain, heart - ZZA
increased tolerance - ZZA
Higher dose
of opioid -YWWS
can lead to fatal as opioids can cause respiratory depression -YWWS
develop cold, clammy skin - ZZA
develop blue lips and fingertips - ZZA
Usage of opioids with other drugs (including prescribed/over-counter meds) could be dangerous, the side effects could be: - ZZA
Opioids + alcohol/cannabis/benzodiazepines
: slow down of breathing and brain activity, high risk of overdose
Opioids + meth/amphetamine/MDMA
: strain on heart and kidneys, high risk of overdose
CLASSIFICATION OF OPIATES (1)
Natural opiates /opium alkaloids
-YWWS
Morphine (10%) -YWWS
codeine (0.5%) -YWWS
Thebaine (0.2%) -YWWS
Semi-synthetic opiates
-YWWS
Heroin (Diacetylmorphine)
:synthesized from morphine -YWWS
Fully synthetic opiates /Opioids
-YWWS
Fentanyl (synthesized from cedeine), methadone and naloxone -YWWS
CLASSIFICATION OF OPIATES (2) BASED ON ITS ACTIONS -YWWS
Agonists
: receptor activators-YWWS
For example, heroin is a strong opiates-receptor agonist. By activating opiates receptors, heroin can cause feelings of euphoria and relaxation while also causing slowed breathing, decreased gastrointestinal movement. -YWWS
Strong: Morphine, methadone, meperidine - WQ; fentanyl - ZZA
Moderate: Codeine, oxycodone - WQ
Weak: Propoxyphene - WQ
Antagonists
: opioid receptor blockers -YWWS
act as potent competitive inhibitors, with the highest affinity to μ (mu) receptors - ZZA
Example: naltrexone and naloxone
Naloxone is sometimes used to reverse a heroin overdose. -YWWS
Naltrexone used as maintenance treatment of opioid and alcohol use disorders - ZZA
- AA
Side effects of Naloxone: - sweating, hot flashes, redness at the injection site. - AA
- AA
Naltrexone is used to treat alcohol abuse by making people to drink less or stop drinking alcohol. - AA
Mixed agonist-antagonist
- WQ
under some conditions behaves as an agonist (fully activates the receptor that it binds to)
while under other conditions, behaves as an antagonist (binds to a receptor but does not activate and block the activity of other agonists) - ZZA
Examples: Buprenorphine, nalbuphine - WQ
Fully-synthetic opiates - ZZA
Examples:
Methadone, buprenorphine, fentanyl
- ZZA
Buprenorphine
(prescription drug) - ZZA
pharmacotherapy, as a replacement in the treatment of heroine and methadone dependence
treat acute and chronic pain
Illicit use of pres. buprenorphine: - ZZA
(
Using buprenorphine without a prescription; misuse by crushing and snorting them, or dissolved and used as IV solution
)
addiction
overdose (can be prevented by combining with naloxone; opioid antagonist)
seizures, coma or death
Fentanyl
(prescription drug) - ZZA
as pain reliever, treating severe pain usually as a result of cancer, nerve damage, back injury, major trauma and surgery (80 to 100 times more potent than morphine)
Illicit use of pres. fentanyl: - ZZA
(
Using unprescribed, illegally manufactured fentanyl by injection
)
addiction
overdose (can be reversed with naloxone)
seizures, coma or death
Methadone
(prescription drugs) - ZZA
pharmacotherapy by replacing opioid use, leads to cessation of opioid dependence
relieve chronic pain, usually post-surgery, trauma or heart attack (narcotic painkiller)
Illicit use of pres. methadone: - ZZA
(
Using methadone without a prescription from a doctor by injection
)
addiction
overdose (can be prevented by combining with naloxone; opioid antagonist)
seizures, coma or death
STIMULANTS - NAM
speed up the messages between the brain and the body. -AA
For example: Cocaine, Amphetamine, Nicotine, Caffeine, Methylphenidate, Methamphetamine - AA
Cocaine - WQ
Found in local anesthetics such as HCl solution, ophthalmology solution and TAC - WQ
Examples: - ZZA
Numbrino
Goprelto
Uses - WQ
As local anesthetic in procedures involving mouth and upper respiratory tract - ZZA
Numb an area about 1 to 2 minutes after application - WQ
Causes blood vessels to narrow, which can decrease bleeding and swelling after medical procedure - WQ
- AA
As recreational drug which is illegal in most countries - ZZA
Cocaine bind to dopamine transporter, inhibiting reuptake of dopamine and causing dopamine to accumulate the synaptic cleft, leads to short-lasting 'rush' or euphoria - ZZA
Alkaloid isolated from the leaves of
Erythroxylum coca
- ZZA
Bagged cocaine -IMA
Cocaine powder -IMA
Coca leaf (contains the psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine) -IMA
Side effects-RJ
Dizziness-RJ
Nausea -RJ
Nervousness - RJ
Restlessness -RJ
Hallucinations - RJ
Amphetamine - WQ
Found in the form of L and D isomers - WQ
Psychoactive form of amphetamine is the D form - SP
Dextroamphetamine as CNS stimulant, usually prescribed for ADHD and narcolepsy treatment
Also used for other purposes e.g. as recreational drug, athletic performance and cognitive enhancer - ZZA
Examples: - ZZA
Dexedrine
(for ADHD and narcolepsy)
Adderall
(prescribed for ADHD and narcolepsy patients, abused by students to increase concentration)
Abuse of
Adderall
: suppressed appetite, able to focus and stay awake for longer time, euphoria, long term of consumption at unprescribed dose causing addiction - ZZA
inhibit function of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporter
produce more CNS stimulation
induce release of neurotransmitters - ZZA
Uses - WQ
Speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body - WQ
Activates receptors in the brain and increases the activity of neurotransmitters - WQ
- AA
Nicotine
Nicotine -AA
is a chemical that contains nitrogen. -AA
From tobacco plant (
Nicotiana tabacum
) -AA
Nicotine effects are both sedative and stimulant -AA
Reduces anxiety because increased levels of beta - endorphin.
Nicotine consumption through: - ZZA
smoking
chewing tobacco
snorting snuff
nicotine replacement e.g. patches, lozenges
Chewing tobacco -IMA
Snorting snuff -IMA
Overdose effect
rare
CDC said 50-60mg of nicotine is deadly for individuals weighing 150pounds) - AB
Symptoms of nicotine poisoning: -AB
nausea, vomiting, increase blood pressure, arrythymia, dehydration, loss of appetite, extreme fatique, dizziness and headache
Usually not from smoking itself but possible with nicotine gum or patch - AB
Metabolized in the liver and excreted through urine or feces. The durations where drugs stays in the body vary with person depending on their age, weight, frequency of usage and physical activity level - AB
Drug test for presence of nicotine:
Urine test: Two to four days - AB
Blood test: Two to four days - AB
Saliva test: One to four days - AB
Hair follicle test: Up to 90 days - AB
Caffeine - ZZA
- AA
It is a central nervous system stimulant. -AA
Mayo Clinic states that adults can consume
up to 400 milligrams
of caffeine
per day only
. -AA
Able to manage drowsiness, headaches and migraines. -AA
Symptoms
of caffeine
withdrawal
-AA
Anxiety. irritability and drowsiness. -AA
nausea, dizziness, fatigue, severe headache, negative mood, difficulty concentrating and constipation -IMA
Overdose
on caffeine: -AA
-Confusion - Hallucinations - Vomiting -AA
What if caffeine is
HIGH
? - AA
Acid in stomach increase. - AA
Get heartburn, acid reflux, ulcers and upset stomach. -AA
-AA
Increase blood pressure (hypertension). -AA
What hypertension looks like -IMA
Osteoporosis -AA
Because interfere with absorption and metabolism of Ca. - AA
Picture of Osteoporosis -IMA
Sources of caffeine - ZZA
Naturally occurs in fruit, leaves and beans of coffee, cacao and guarana, and also in tea plants - ZZA
Picture of Guarana -IMA
Added in beverages (soda, energy drinks) and supplements - ZZA
Amount of caffeine per cup -IMA
Methylphenidate - ZZA
e.g.
Ritalin
Central nervous system stimulant, used to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy - ZZA
Acts as norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) by halting the reuptake of neurotransmitters and increasing effect of dopamine and norepinephrine - ZZA
Increase activity of central nervous system and produce effects e.g. increased alertness, improved attention - ZZA
Abuse of methylphenidate:
Used intranasally, leads to rapid 'high' and euphoria; similar to cocaine - ZZA
Methamphetamine - ZZA
a.k.a. ice, crystal meth, shabu
Central nervous system stimulant
Recreational use: used in lifestyle as euphoriant and for its aphrodisiac effect (party and play subculture) - ZZA
Medicinal use: less commonly used as the second-line treatment for ADHD and obesity - ZZA
Abuse of methamphetamine leads to; meth mouth (due to teeth grinding), insomnia, loss of appetite, euphoria, dysphoria, change in libido, STI (from PnP activity), death from overdose - ZZA
increase energy, concentration, and wakefulness.- SP
In short term - SP
increase productivity and performance -SP
produce an excited high of pleasure - SP
In long term -SP
incredibly addictive and have a very high potential for abuse - SP
repeated use can cause psychosis and paranoia, which may be diagnosed as schizophrenia.- SP
Effects of stimulants based on doses - ZZA
Low doses
- ZZA
euphoria
increased blood pressure
increased heart rate
increased alertness
loss of appetite
talkativeness
High doses
- ZZA
anxiety
tension
tremor
nausea
seizures
coma
death
- AA
Amphetamines -RJ
Betel Nut -RJ
Caffeine - RJ
Cocaine - RJ
Ice -RJ
Mephedrone- RJ
Khat
Synthetic cathinones - RJ
How are stimulants used? -YWWS
Illicit stimulants usually are snorted, swallowed, smoked or injected. -YWWS
Prescribed stimulants are usually taken orally, and the duration of effects differs depending on the type. -YWWS
Usage of stimulants with other drugs (including prescribed/over-counter meds) could be dangerous, the side effects could be: - ZZA
Amphetamine + antidepressants
: elevated blood pressure, leads to irregular heartbeat, heart failure and stroke
Amphetamine + alcohol/cannabis/benzodiazepines
: overdose
Meth + amphetamine/MDMA
: major strain on the heart and other parts of the body, leads to stroke
Meth + alcohol/cannabis/benzodiazepines
: overdose
SEDATIVES - NAM
a medication that slows down brain activity. - AA
For example
Benzodiazepine, Barbiturate, Zolpidem and many more. - AA
Cautions: sedatives drug should never be taken with any other substance
for example: alcohol, any cold drugs or opiates - AB
effects of mixing: fatal suppression of breathing - AB
- AB
Classification of sedative-hypnotic drugs according to duration of action -YWWS
Benzodiazepine -YWWS
Types of benzodiazepines
Intermediate action
(6-24HRS)
-YWWS
Example：
Alprazolam ， Lorazepam
-YWWS
Long action
(24-72 HRS)
-YWWS
Example：
Chlorazepate
-YWWS
Short action
(3-5 HRS
) -YWWS
EXAMPLE:
Triazolam
-YWWS
short-acting benzodiazepines have stronger withdrawal effects and can be more addictive than long-acting ones - ZZA
PHARMALOGICAL ACTION
OF BENZODIAZEPINE -YWWS
YWWS- Muscle relaxion
YWWS-Reduction in anxiety
YWWS- Sedative and hypnosis
YWWS-Anaesthetic
YWWS- Anti-convulsion effect
YWWS- suppress the excessive rapid firing of neurons during seizures
YWWS- Amnesia
YWWS- OTHERS: decrease nocturnal gastric secretion and prevent stress ulcer
Side effects of benzodiazepines: - ZZA
dizziness
euphoria
depression
confusion
impaired coordination
tremor
long term use
anxiety and depression
impaired thinking or memory loss
weight gain
difficulty sleeping or disturbing dreams
Risks of benzodiazepines: - ZZA
addiction due to developing tolerance towards drug sedative effects
development of mental and physical dependency
withdrawal symptoms including hallucination and delusion; sudden withdrawal can cause seizures
overdose leads to over-sedation, coma or death (more likely when taken with another drug such as alcohol)
Usage of benzodiazepines with other drugs could be dangerous, the side effects could be: - ZZA
Benzodiazepines + alcohol/opiates
: breathing difficulties, an increased risk of overdose and death
Benzodiazepines + some pharmaceutical drugs e.g. strong pain-relievers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anti-psychotics, some anti-histamines
: breathing difficulties, an increased risk of overdose and death
Miscellaneous agents
Anxiolytic -YWWS
For example:
Buspirone YWWS
Antidepressant -YWWS
Hypnotics -YWWS
For example:
Z-drugs -YWWS
Antihistaminic -YWWS
Doxepin -YWWS
Barbiturates - ZZA
A type of central nervous system depressant in the class of
sedative-hypnotics
drugs
Have anxiolytics (reduce anxiety), hypnotics (induce sleep) and anticonvulsants (treat epileptic seizures) effects - ZZA
Uses of barbiturates: - ZZA
treatment of insomnia and induce sleep e.g. pentobarbital
as anticonvulsants e.g. phenobarbital, primidone
as general anesthetic e.g. sodium thiopental
as euthanizing agent for small animals in veterinary medicine e.g. sodium pentobarbital
Risks of barbiturates: - ZZA
high risk of addiction due to highly addictive properties
development of dependence and tolerance towards drugs, requires dosage increase to treat upcoming disorder
withdrawal symptoms when drug is stopped
very high risk of overdose (cause many body systems to shut down)
Barbiturates have been largely replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines for their lower risk of addiction and overdose - ZZA
Side effects of barbiturates: - ZZA
Small dose
assist sleep by depressing the CNS
reduce anxiety, becoming calm and relaxed
Large dose
slurred speech
lethargy
anxiety
increased hostility
dosages of barbiturates vary depending on the drug and its use
Recreational use
of barbiturates cause the user to become high; feeling relaxed and euphoria;
chronic misuse leads to significant morbidity - ZZA
Barbiturates act as positive allosteric modulators,
and as agonists of GABA (principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS) receptors - ZZA
Barbiturates enhance the effects of GABA at the receptors, while at the same time blocking AMPA and kainate (glutamate; principal excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS) receptors - ZZA
Barbiturates increase the duration of chloride channel opening at GABA receptors, hence increasing efficacy of GABA - ZZA
Eszopiclone -AB
Used to treat sleep problem i,e, insomnia by helping to sleep faster, longer and reduce waking up at night - AB
Duration of treatment: limited to 1-2 weeks or less.
if conditions did not improve, seek doctors advice for another treatment -AB
A type of sedative-hypnotic drug, It may increase the natural chemical in brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) resulting in reduction of brain activity which helps patients to sleep easier. - AB
GABA STRUCTURE -IMA
1 more item...
How to use: -AB
taken orally right before sleeping
avoid taking with or right after heavy meal
do not take more than prescribed to reduce risk of side effects
do not take if patients did not have sufficient time for sleeping (7-8 hours)
Do not stop medicine consumption without doctor's permission
To stop medication, lower dose slowly
Effect of different dose: -AB
1 milligram dose - able to safely conduct daily activities the next day i.e. driving and operating machinery
3 milligram - avoid doing activities that require alertness the next day
Dosage of medication (Lunesta): - AB
5 more items...
If did not take medicine correctly: - AB
insufficient sleep time: memory lost, troubles conducting activities requiring alertness
sudden arrest in consumption: withdrawal symptoms i.e nausea, vomiting, stomach cramp
Side effects: -AB
dry mouth
drowsiness
dizziness
headache
symptoms of common cold (sneezing and runny nose)
Overdose effect: - AB
excessive drowsiness
coma
Consuming alcohol drinks can increase risks of side effects. - AB
Allergy reaction: - AB
swelling of tongue or throat
trouble breathing
nausea
vomiting
WARNINGS!!
those with liver problems may not be able to break down drug well causing build up in the body. therefore, doctor should give a lower dose of drug -AB
Individual with mental issue
- AB
may have higher risks for suicidal thoughts. therefore, dosage prescribed should be lower.
Pregnant women
- AB
research in animals show that drugs cause negative effects on fetus
however, there is not enough studies to show the effect on human
Breastfeeding women
- AB
not know if drugs are passed to the milk. however, if it does, negative side effects may occur to the child.
Effects
gives feeling of relaxation, reduce anxiety, drowsiness, slurred speech, slowed heart rate and interuptions in memory - AB
too dependent on drugs may lead to severe symptoms pon sudden withdrawal. - AB
death
seizures
Insomnia -RJ
Restlessness - RJ
SIte of action is at limbic system which regulate the thought and mental function. -YWWS
How sedative works - WQ
Sedatives modify certain nerve communications in central nervous system (CNS) to brain - WQ
They relax the body by slowing down brain activity - WQ
Sedatives make the neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) work overtime - WQ
GABA slows down the brain activity - WQ
CNS depressants which interacts with causing whoch cause the slow action - RJ
Risks -RJ
Sedative dependence-
Caused due to daily consumption. It could cause some withdrawal symptoms -RJ
Misuse-
People who have problems dealing with stress,anxiety or insomnia may misuse by overconsumption -RJ
Drug addicts may use sedative as a substitute for drug. -RJ
Barbiturates overdose is one of the main reason for drug-related cases - RJ
Increase severity of psychiatric symptoms- decreased level of serotonin and norepinephrine which is responsible for their mood and anxiety. It also could worsen sleep-cycle if consume for a long-term duration even though it is used to treat insomnia-RJ
Dementia- The use of sedative could delay cognitive function for people with dementia. -RJ
Amnesia - Sedative could sometime cause consumer to have long-term or short-term amnesia. -RJ.
Hallucinogens
- AA
Causes hallucinations, or sensations and images that seem real, but they are not. - AA
Types of hallucinations - WQ
Visual hallucinations - WQ
Involve seeing things that are not there - WQ
Olfactory hallucinations - WQ
Smell an unpleasant odour when waking up in the middle of the night when it does not - WQ
Gustatory hallucinations - WQ
Feel that something you eat or drink has an odd taste - WQ
Auditory hallucinations - WQ
Might hear someone speaking to you or telling you to do certain things - WQ
Tactile hallucinations - WQ
Involve the feeling of touch or movement in your body - WQ
frequently have to be specified as add ons when ordering drug screens - SP
As the name suggests, hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that causes hallucinations, distortion of visual perception or changes to thought, mind and consciousness that is not usually experienced in other drugs. - IF
According to Leo Hollister, a drug is classified as a hallucinogen if:
the effect on mind, thought and perception is dominant compared to other effects
it has minimal impact on intelligence and memory
it does not cause excessive stimulation
it causes minimal effect on autonomic nervous system
addiction or craving is absent - IF
Types of hallucinogens according to their effects - IF
Psychedelics (classic hallucinogens)
Agents that fit the description of hallucinogens provided by Leo Hollister - IF
The effects of classic hallucinogens can begin with 20 to 90 minutes of taking them and include increased heart rate, nausea, intensified feelings and sensory experiences, and changes in sense of time. -YWWS
For example：
LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) -YWWS
A clear or white, odorless, water-soluble material synthesized from lysergic acid, a compound derived from a rye fungus -YWWS
one of the most powerful mind-altering chemicals - SP
Psilocybin(4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) -YWWS
Extracted from certain types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States -YWWS
Peyote (Mescaline) -YWWS
A small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main ingredient -YWWS
Usually chewed or soaked in water to produce an intoxicating liquid. Because the extract is so bitter, some users prepare a tea by boiling the plant for several hours. -YWWS
Mescaline can also be produced through chemical synthesis. -YWWS
DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) -YWWS
Naturally occurring in some Amazonian plant species and also synthesized in the laboratory. -YWWS
Synthetic DMT usually takes the form of a white crystalline powder and is typically vaporized or smoked in a pipe. -YWWS
Ayahuasca -YWWS
A hallucinogenic brew made from one of several Amazonian plants containing DMT along with a vine containing a natural alkaloid that prevents the normal breakdown of DMT in the digestive tract. -YWWS
Disassociatives
Produce a sense of detachment from the surrounding environment
Derealization: the perception of the outside world being unreal or dream-like
Depersonalization: feeling separated from one's own personality; able to see and recognize one's actions but is unable to take control of it - IF
The effects of dissociative drugs can begin within minutes and can last several hours and include numbness, disorientation and loss of coordination, hallucinations, and increased blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. -YWWS
For example
PCP (Phencyclidine) -YWWS
originally developed in the 1950s as a general anaesthetic for surgery -YWWS
Can be found in a variety of forms, including tablets or capsules YWWS
PCP can be snorted, smoked, injected, or swallowed -YWWS
Some users will dip cigarettes or marijuana joints into liquid PCP and then smoke it. -JR
PCP is widely known as "angel dust," but it has also been called rocket fuel, Supergrass, and embalming fluid. -JR
PCP is considered an addictive drug because it can create cravings and psychological dependence on users. -JR
The users can become compulsive about seeking and using the drug and can experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop using it. -JR
Ketamine -YWWS
A dissociative currently used as an anaesthetic for humans as well as animals -YWWS
Odourless, tasteless and has amnesia-inducing properties -YWWS
sometimes added to drinks to facilitate sexual assault
It is also known by the street names “K”, “Special K”, or “Cat Valium" -JR
Ketamine is an injectable liquid in its original form -JR
One study found that three days after using ketamine, some users displayed "semantic memory impairment and dissociative and schizotypal symptomatology." -JR
Cognitive, dissociative and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later -JR
The harm of abusing Ketamine -JR
DXM (Dextromethorphan) -YWWS
A cough suppressant and expectorant ingredient in some over-the-counter (OTC) cold and cough medications -YWWS
It is in the morphine class of medications with sedative, dissociative, and stimulant properties. -JR
It is also known as "DXM" or "Robo" -JR
Because the cough syrup in which dextromethorphan is found usually contains antihistamine and decongestant also, high dosages of those drugs can produce other dangerous effects -JR
Blurred vision -JR
Low blood pressure -JR
Increased heart rate -JR
Salvia divinorum
Salvia divinorum
is a plant species with transient psychoactive properties when its leaves are consumed by chewing, smoking or as a tea. -JR
The leaves contain opioid-like compounds that induce hallucinations. -JR
Salvia’s active ingredient is salvinorin A, a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. -JR
People usually experience the most intense effects within 2 minutes after smoking. They last for less than 20 minutes -JR
The most significant subjective differences between dissociative and the classical hallucinogens (such as LSD and mescaline) are the dissociative effects, including: depersonalization and derealization. -JR
Deliriants
Induces delirium, a state of extreme confusion and inability to control one's own actions. Deliriants are differentiated from the other hallucinogens by their primary effects of causing delirium, as opposed to the lucid effects by psychedelics and disassociatives. - IF
a stupor-like state of confusion. - AA
create false perceptions that have no basis in a person’s internal or external reality. -AA
3 types of deliriant drugs: -AA
Datura -AA
- AA
Deadly Nightshade or commonly known as Atropa belladonna -AA
-JR
It is occasionally been used as recreational drugs because of the vivid hallucinations and delirium they produce. -JR
Jimson Weed -AA
Its leaves and seeds are used to make medicine to treat asthma, flu, cough and nervous diseases. -AA
It contains Atropine, Hyoscyamine and scopolamine. - AA
consumers unable to distinguish between reality and fantasy. -AA
Hallucinogens can be
man-made
(chemical based) as well as extracted from
plants
- ASA
There are about 120 hallucinogenic plants worldwide - RJ
Examples - ASA
Salvia divinorum - RJ
ASA
Psilocybin mushrooms - RJ
ASA
Peyote cactus - ASA
ASA
Peyote can also be synthetic. - SP
Examples of chemical-based hallucinogens - ASA
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) - ASA
ASA
Ketamine - ASA
ASA
PCP (Phenylcyclohexyl piperidine) - ASA
ASA
People use hallucinogens in a wide variety of ways, including smoking, snorting, and absorbing through the lining in the mouth. -YWWS
Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals - SP
Long term effect (rare)- SP
Persistent Psychosis - SP
a series of continuing mental problems, including: - SP
disorganized thinking - SP
paranoia - SP
visual disturbances - SP
mood changes -SP
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) - SP
recurrences of certain drug experiences, such as hallucinations or other visual disturbances. These flashbacks often happen without warning and may occur within a few days or more than a year after drug use. - SP
These symptoms are sometimes mistaken for other disorders, such as stroke or a brain tumor. - SP
How hallucinogens affect brain - RJ
Disrupt communication between brain and spinal cord - RJ
Interfere with the action of brain chemical serotonin which regulates : -RJ
Mood - RJ
Sensory perception -RJ
Sleep - RJ
Sexual behavior
Intestinal muscle control - RJ
Interfere with the action of brain chemical glutamate, which regulates: -RJ
Pain perception -RJ
Emotion - RJ
Learning and memory -RJ
Inhalants - SP
include a wide variety of breathable substances that produce mind-altering results and effects - SP
Example
Toluene, plastic cement, paint, gasoline, paint thinners, hair sprays, and various anesthetic gases. - SP
- SP
Classification - IF
Solvents
Petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene)
Toluene (paint thinners, permanent markers)
Acetone (nail polish remover) - IF
Volatile solvents: liquids that vaporize at room temperature - SP
Gases
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): used in aerosols and propellants
Nitrous oxide (used as propellant in whipped cream aerosol containers)- IF
Medical anaesthetics
Diethyl ether: no longer used medically due to high flammability and development of safer alternatives
Nitrous oxide: used as a dental anaesthetic - IF
Classification according to chemical structure - IF
Aliphatic hydrocarbons (straight chain, branched or cyclic)
e.g. gasoline, kerosene - IF
Gasoline: Lead to nose and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, vomiting, confusion and breathing difficulties - WQ
Kerosene: Repeated skin exposure may result in dermatitis (eczema) - WQ
A picture of dermatitis -IMA
Aromatic hydrocarbons (possess benzene rings)
e.g. toluene, xylene - IF
Toluene: Can cause liver and kidney damage - WQ
Xylene: Can cause headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, sleepiness, irregular heartbeat, fainting or even death - WQ
Ketones (possess carbonyl rings)
e.g. acetone - IF
Acetone: If inhaled, could cause a sore throat or cough - WQ
Haloalkanes (has a halogen attached)
e.g. CFCs, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane - IF
CFCs: Causes carcinogenic effects and may lead to cancers - WQ
CFCs causes a depletion in the ozone layer, reducing the ozone's capability of absorbing UV rays, resulting in increasing amounts of UVB that reaches the Earth's surface. This increases the chances of someone being affected with skin cancer -IMA
Nitrites
e.g. poppers (amyl nitrite) - IF
Poppers: Used to treat cyanide poisoning - WQ
Nitrous oxide - IF
Nitrous oxide: Slows down brain and body's responses - WQ
Aerosols - SP
sprays that contain propellants and solvents - SP
spray paints, deodorant and hair sprays, vegetable oil sprays for cooking, and fabric protector sprays - SP
Almost never found on drug screen - SP
However, can test for hippuric acid which is an indication of toluene use - SP
Effects of inhalants -YWWS
Affect
brain's central nervous system
and
slow down brain activity
-YWWS
Short-term effects
are similar to alcohol -YWWS
Slurred or distorted speech, lack of coordination, euphoria, dizziness , may have hallucination -YWWS
Long-term effects on health
-YWWS
Liver and kidney damage, hearing loss, bone marrow damage, loss of coordination and limb spasms due to nerve damaged, delayed behavioural development -YWWS
Weight loss - WQ
Muscle weakness and lack of coordination - WQ
Disorientation and inattentiveness - WQ
Irritability and depression - WQ
Indigestion and stomach ulcers - SP
Memory lost - SP
Loss of sense of smell - SP
Exception : Unlike most other inhalants, which act directly on the central nervous system (CNS), nitrites act primarily to dilate blood vessels and relax the muscles. - SP
Life-threatening effects - WQ
Sudden sniffing death syndrome: Irregular or fast heart rhythms can cause the heart to stop pumping blood to the rest of the body - WQ
Suffocation: Happens when the levels of chemical vapors are so high in the body that they take the place of oxygen in the blood - WQ
The use of inhalants -YWWS
Nitrates, are often prescribed to treat chest pain --YWWS
Sometimes are misuse to improve sexual pleasure by expanding and relaxing blood vessel -YWWS
People who use inhalants breathe them in through the mouth (huffing) or nose. -YWWS
-YWWS
Inhalants are inhaled directly from the container (called sniffing or snorting), from a plastic bag (called bagging), or by holding an inhalant-soaked rag in the mouth (called huffing). - SP
A picture of the many ways of how inhalants are taken -IMA
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
-AS
Use as medical conditions. It is synthetic, or human-made, variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. -AS
For example
testosterone -YWWS
usage
Prescribed steroids are used to treat hormonal issues, such as delayed puberty.-YWWS
Treat diseases that cause muscle loss,such as cancer -YWWS
Some athletes and bodybuilders misuse steroid to boost performance or improve their physical appearance. -YWWS
-IMA
Long term effects of steroids:
Kidney problems or failure -YWWS
Liver damage and tumours -YWWS
Increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and heart attack even in younger adult, because steroid can cause high blood pressure -YWWS
Increase risk of blood clot
A picture of blood clot -IMA
- AA
Other anabolic steroids include: - ZZA
clenbuterol, nandrolone, trenbolone, stanozolo and oxymetholone
Dexamethasone-AS
a type of corticosteroid medication-AS
Uses of Dexamethasone - AS
treatment in rheumatic problems
eye pain following eyes surgery
number of skin disease likes acne, eczema, hive and others
chronic obstructive lung disease
along with antibiotic in tuberculosis
brain swelling
allergic
croup
asthma
prevent vomiting and nausea
speed improvement of sore throat
Effects are frequently seen within a day and last for about three days. -AS
For long-term use of dexamethasone may result in thrush, bone loss, cataracts, easy bruising, or muscle weakness. -AS
Should not be taken when breastfeeding because dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. -AS
Chemical structure
treat arthritis, blood & hormone disorders, allergic reactions, skin diseases, eye problems, breathing problems, bowel disorders, cancer and immune system disorder and as a test for Cushing's syndrome. - AA
Withdrawal symptoms
: nausea, dizziness, weakness or muscle & joint pain -AA
Infant may have hormone problems if the mother has consumed this drug. -AA
SIDE EFFECTS
: stomach upset, heartburn, headache, trouble sleeping, or increased appetite. - AA
It also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) to build muscle and improve athletic performance-AS
Effect many parts of the body, including the muscle , bones, immune system, the reproductive system and the central nervous system.-AS
Common name:
Gear, Juice, Roids and Stackers -AA
Gym candy - ZZA
Pattern of misusing steroids - AA
Cycling - taking multiple doses for a period of time, stopping for a time, and then restarting.
Stacking - combining two or more different steroids and mixing oral and/or injectable types.
Pyramiding - slowly increasing the dose or frequency of steroid misuse, reaching a peak amount, and then gradually tapering off to zero.
Plateauing - alternating, overlapping, or substituting with another steroid to avoid developing a tolerance
-AA
-ve effects from misusing it: - AA
Extreme paranoid, irritability, aggression and jealousy
Delusions
Mania
Impaired judgment
Withdrawal symptoms when stop using
Fatigue
Restlessness
Loss of appetite
Sleep problems
Decreased sex drive
Steroid cravings
-AA
Additional points- AS
Several others effects are gender and age specific-AS
People who inject steroids increase their risk of contracting or transmitting HIV/AIDS or hepatitis. -AS
Anabolic steroids do not cause the same high as others drugs, but they lead to addiction. So, some people seeking treatment for anabolic steroids addiction have found behavioral therapy and medications to be helpful. Medicines can help treat symptoms of withdrawal in same cases. -AS
Structure anabolic steroid
ANTIPYRETIC
- AB
Prescribed to reduce fever or high body temperature -AB
Classification of medications without prescription (OTC) - AB
Salicylates
-AB
aspirin -AB
choline salicylate (Athropan) -AB
magnesium salicylate (Artheriten) -AB
Acetaminophen
(Tylenol) (has analgesic properties) -AB
Recommended dose: 4g in 24hr
Nonsteroial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
(has analgesic properties) - AB
Ibuprofen (Advil) - AB
Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn) - AB
ketoprofen - AB
some has
analgesic
properties which can helps in reducing inflammation / pain reliever -AB
Effects can be seen 30 mins to 1 hour after ingestion and may last up to 4 hours - AB
Mechanism of actions
- AB
Drugs cause an override of prostaglandin-induced high temperature in the hypothalamus. Thus, body begin to undergo cooling process. - AB
Side effects
- AB
GI toxicity
Mucosal lesion - AB
majority in people treated with NSAIDs - AB
However, there is no obvious relationship between complications and drugs -AB
Gastrointestinal discomfort -AB
Example: dyspepsia, nausea and heartburn -AB
Usually occcurs within 6 months of therapy with NSAIDs -AB
Severe GI complications - AB
For example: perforated ulcer and bleeding -AB
Perforated benign large gastric ulcer in a young patient -IMA
Renal toxicity
Associated with NSAIDs, aspirin and acetaminophen - AB
Analgesic-induced neuropathy- AB
Primariy associated with consumption of combination analgesic products containing phenacetin -AB
Damages within the internal structures of the kidney due to long-term use of analgesics - AB
Caused by drugs that contain phenacetin or acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen - RJ
Associated with the use of nonselective COX inhibitors i.e. aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen -AB
fluid and electrolytes disturbances -AB
Common side effects of NSAIDs. cause sodium retention, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and decrease renal function - AB
Lower prostaglandin level - AB
Acute renal failure -AB
Due to reduced renal plasma flow which is caused by a decrease in the hormone prostaglandin which has the function of regulating vasodilation. -RJ
Acute interstitial nephritis -AB
A rare side effect of NSAIDs. Occurs at 6-12 months of NSAIDs therapy. Most cases is reversible but some may be severe enough to require dialysis - AB
Causes decline in renal functions (kidneys) -IMA
Acute interstitial nephritis -IMA
Hepatotoxicity
Injury to the liver caused by exposure to drug. - AB
Acute liver failure
Effect of attempted suicide with overdose acetaminophen or due to too frequent dosing, simultaneous multiple acetominophen-containing product. - AB
write your name and initials
Nur Airina Muhamad - NAM
Khor Shu Pei - SP
Write your initial beside your answer/comments. This would be your 10% assessment :smiley: The more your input the more your marks.. so add as much as you can. It can be in words, pictures, anything with information. The due is till Friday, 11.55pm.
Yew Wan Qi - WQ
Rizwana Jahan- RJ
Nurfatima Azzahra -IMA
Anis Balqis - AB
Yong Wong Wai Shieh -YWWS
Aufa Shofia Annisa - ASA
Siti Aishah Binti Ahmad - AA
Ilmi Fikri - IF
Zahirah Zainal Alam - ZZA
Amira Syasya - AS
All synthetic steroids' combine muscle -building effects with the development of secondary male sexual characteristics.-AS
-AS
-AS
- AA
:
methamphetamine - ZZA
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
-AS
benzodiazepine chemical structure - ZZA
Barbiturate - RJ
Barbiturate - RJ
Eszopiclone - RJ
- RJ
Nitrous Oxide-RJ
-JR
-JR
Amyl nitrate -JR
-JR
