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CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH, NURIZATUL AMISHA BINTI SHAIFUL RIZAL…
CHAPTER 6:
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
what is social science?
The science of people or collections of people, such as groups, firms, societies, or economies, and their individual as well as collective behavior.
social science disciplines:
Psychology - the science of human behavior.
Sociology - the science of social groups.
Economics - the science of firms, markets, and economics
Political science - pertains to the system of governance, the analysis of political activities. thought, and behavior.
History - the study of past events, particularly in human affairs
purpose of social science
To provide an explanation of social behavior by relying on the assumption that it has causes that are known and measurable.
Contributed in the context for making globe more intelligible that offers numerous possibilities for advancement and conceptual innovation in humanities.
what is social science research?
The activity gathering, analyzing and interpreting information for a variety of social, economic, educational and political purposes.
definition of research
The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusion.
elements of research
First priority is to formulate your question.
The figure out how you are going to answer it.
How have others answered it?
How does your proposal fit in with what others have done?
How will you know when you have answered it?
Then you can present your answer.
steps in research activity
Find any information center such as library and information kiosk to locate the materials for research.
Evaluate the resources whether it is relevant to your study or not.
Interpret all the resources so that who can identify the information for the particular area of study.
characteristic of quality research
Based on works of others.
Must be achievable.
Can be used in another setting.
Research should be incremental.
HYPOTHESIS
definition of hypothesis
A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables or a proposal explanation for some observed phenomenon.
importance of hypothesis
Enables researcher to develop a specific direction as well as better understanding about the subject matter of the study.
Provides a link to the underlying theory and research question to analyze the data collected in the study.
Logical based on observations and is also testable to confirm whether it is correct or incorrect.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
definition
Defined as a research method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon that is being studied and focuses more on the "what" of the research subject rather than the "why" of the research subject
characteristic
QUANTITIVE RESEARCH
research method that attempts to collect quantifiable information to be used for statistical analysis of the population sample.
UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES
uses observational methods to conduct the research.'
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
study where different sections belonging to the same group are studied.
descriptive research method
Observational method.
Case study method.
Survey research.
CORRELATION RESEARCH
definition
Usually being treated as descriptive study because it is studying about current situation and describes the relationship, but no proves the cause and effect.
types of correlation research
POSITIVE CORRELATION - happened when the correlation coefficient is close to +1.
NEGATIVE CORRELATION - opposite of positive correlation and will be understand the relationship between the two variables and the value is close to -1.
NO CORRELATION - when the two variables is close to zero, it means that there is no relationship between the two variable.
WHAT IS VARIABLE?
represent the measurable traits that can change over the course of a scientific experiment.
anything that has quantity or quality that varies.
basic steps in correlation research
Problem selection.
Choosing a sample.
Selecting or choosing proper instruments.
Determining design and procedures.
Collecting and analyzing data.
Interpreting results.
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
definition
A research conducted for a problem that has not been studied more clearly, intended to establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improve the final research design
types and methodologies of exploratory research
PRIMARY RESEARCH METHODS
information gathered directly from the subject through a group of people or even an individual.
survey/polls, interview, focus groups. observations.
SECONDARY RESEARCH METHODS
gathering information from previously published primary research which comes form the sources likes case studies, magazines etc.
online research, literature research, case study research.
steps to conduct exploratory research
Identify the problem.
Create the hypothesis.
Further research.
NURIZATUL AMISHA BINTI SHAIFUL RIZAL
2018658576
BA1185I