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Organisms and Population - Coggle Diagram
Organisms and Population
Population Interactions
Introduction
1) Can a natural habitat be occupied only by 1 species? Why not? (Ans: Minimal requirement)
2) But plants should be able to survive on their own noe because they meet the above requirement? Still why do they die?
3) What is a biological pyramid? What is the main cause of a development of a biological community?
4) Brief overview:
See there are 2 main parts of an interaction:
I) Based on how it affects the organism: (3)
a) What symbols do we represent the 3 effects by?
II) Interspecific and intraspecific interaction: (7) I keep forgetting parasitism
Types of Interactions
Mutualism
1) What is mutualism?
2) How does it affect the 2 organisms?
3) Why is the word "obligate" so important here?
4) Types of mutualism:
I) Plant/ fungal mutualism:
a) Lichens:
i) Which 2 organisms take part in this? (remember the word "photosynthesizing"
ii) What is a phycobiont and mycobiont? Which is which in this interaction?
b) Mycorrhizae:
i) Which 2 organisms take part in this?
ii) How do they help each other?
II) Plant/ Animal Mutualism:
i) What is zoophily and zoochory?
ii) What rewards do the plants offer to the animals? (3)
iii) Plant/Animal interactions involve tight co-evolution of the mutualists :star:
iv) What is co-evolution?
a) Fig/ fig wasp relations:
i) Comment on the "one to one relationship" seen in this relation? Why is this so important?
ii) How does the fig wasp benefit the fig unnoticeably and how does the fig wasp benefit (importance of "obligate" is seen here too).
b) Playgirl Orchid/ Bee:
i) Which orchid is involved here? In which region does it grow?
ii) Why do they say "sexual deceit" here (keyword: uncanny resemblance)?
iii) How is the bee fooled? What is the term used here?
iv) How can the significance of co-evolution be evident here?
Protocooperation
1) What is protocooperation?
2) How does it affect the 2 organisms?
3) Why is the word "non-obligate" so important here?
4) Examples of Protocooperation:
a) Ox-Peckers and Black Rhinos:
i) How do they help each other? (keyword: ticks and danger)
b) Crocodile and plover bird:
i) How do they help each other? (Keyword: leech)
c) Sea anemone and hermit crab:
i) How do they help each other? (Keyword: nematocysts)
Commensalism (hint: like communist government helps people)
1) How does it affect the 2 organisms?
2) Which one is commensal and which one is the host?
3) Examples:
I) Plants:
a) Epiphytes (what does it mean) like orchids on mango plant:
i) Which one benefits and how?
II) Animals:
a) Barnacles on whale back:
i) Which one benefits and how?
b) Clown fish and Sea Anemone: (Nemo)
i) Which one benefits and how?
c) Cattle egrets and cows: (this is a fun one)
i) Which one benefits and how?
Competition
Competition:
1) What is competition? (Keyword: resource) (also don't say between a population cuz that's X)
2) What are the 2 types of competition w.r.t to between what category of animals referred to.
3) Which one is more visible and common? Why?
4) What did Darwin say was the potent organic force?
5) What are the 2 forms of (or better outcomes) of competition?
I) Competitive exclusion:
1) Who gave this theory?(hint: hospital instrument).
2) What experiment did he use to arrive at this conclusion? (Which 2 organisms did he use? (Which one survived after 16 days?)
3) Other examples:
i) Goats and Abingdon tortoises:
a) Where did this happen?
b) Which one became extinct and why? (explain w.r.t food source also)
ii) Scotland's Rocky Coast Barnacles:
a) What were the 2 species observed? Which one was more superior?
4) Competitive co-existence:
1) What is this? How is it different from (I)
2) Is this more common or not? Why? (Keyword : Persist)
3) What mechanisms do they evolve to co-exist?(1 main point and 2 sub points) :star:
4) Other Examples:
i) Mac Arthur's Observation:
a) Which animal did he observe?
b) How many of these species were there and what did they do to co-exist?
ii) Darwin's Finches:
a) How many species were here what did they do to co-exist?
General Observations:
1) What are the 3 myths about Competition: (3)
2) Give the myth breakers for these. (Do this before looking down)
Myths:
a) Competition is only intraspecific. (Keyword: Flamingo)
b) Competitive exclusion is the only way available for the weaker species - Gause
c) Competition occurs only when resources are natural (Keyword: Feeding Efficiency)
3) Terms:
a) Competition Release: (This is one of the key evidence of competition in nature.)
b) Interference Competition: (Goat and tortoise)
c) Therefore from all of this what can we say about when competition occurs? (Note point that i made in txt book
4) Which 2 group of organisms are more adversely affected by competition?
Predation
1) How does it affect the 2 organisms?
2) Which one is the predator and the prey?
3) Role of the predator: (3)
a) Figure it out
b) Controlling population:
i) What kind of species do you think at first does not have a predator? (hint: Eichhornia)
ii) Example of the prickly pear cactus.
iii) Where can this predator thing be used in agriculture?
c) Species Diversity:
i) How does predation achieve this? (Keyword: competition)
ii) The American Pacific Coast experiment:
a) How many species went extinct? (were they vert or invertebrates)
b) Which organism was removed?
4) Facts (more like features) related to Predation: (2- 1 for predators and 1 for prey)
a) Keyword: (prudent)
b) Keyword: (Evo-defense)
5) Defense Mechanisms:
I) In animals: (4)
a) Camouflage:
i) What is it? (Keyword: surroundings)
ii) What groups of animals show it?
b) Chemical Defense:
i) Why are these prey avoided?
ii) The most famous example: (Monarch Butterfly). Why is it not eaten? How did it gain it's ability?
c) Mimicry: (Brave Wilderness Stick Insect):
i) What happens here? (Keyword: resemblance)
d) Warning Coloration:
i) Why is this group ironic?
II) Plants:
i) Do they have a lot of defenses? Why?
ii) What do you mean by phytophagous insects? What is the % of insects that belong to this category?
iii) What is the most common morphological defense in plants. Give some examples.
iv) W.r.t to poisonous chemical production as a mean of defense:
What is the chemical produced by the Calotropis plant?
v) What are the effects that these kinds of chemicals have on the predator? (4)
vi) What are some chemicals produced by plants to kill but we use it commercially? (5 some actually don't look like they can kill)
Parasitism
1) Definition
2) How does it affect the 2 organisms?
3) What is each benefitted and affected animal referred to as?
4) How is the parasite benefitted? (2)
5) How is the host affected? (4)
5) Are parasites present in plants?
6) Comment about the specificity of parasites. Why is parasitism closely evolved to co-evolution? Give an example w.r.t disease resistance.
7) Adaptations shown by Parasites: (4 + 1 complex life cycle)
a) Some of these adaptations look like they make the parasite less fit? Since evolution always moves towards benefit...how is this different?
b) Complex life Cycle:
i) (Note: Parasites may be species specific but it does not mean they can't have multiple specific species for their life cycle)
ii) Examples of complex life cycle:
a) Human Liver fluke: (Trematode parasite): What are the 2 hosts that it depends on? ( Don't think one of them is human just cuz it's human liver fluke lol)
b) Plasmodium: (what are the 2 hosts)
8) Types of Parasites (based on location in body): (2)
a) Ectoparasites:
i) Where are they found in the body?
ii) Examples: lice on humans, ticks on dogs, copepods on marine fish and cuscuta (remember the white plant picture (onenote) growing on some hedges.
iii) Q. Is a female mosquito (why only female) considered as a parasite? Why not? :star:
b) Endoparasites:
i) Where are they found inside the body? (exact location: 4)
ii) Comment on: a)their life cycle compared to ectoparasites.
b) Morphological and Anatomical features
c) What feature of theirs do they emphasize on the most?
9) Brood Parasitism:
i) in which organism is it seen?
ii) In the famous example here, name the parasite and the host.
iii) How does the parasite trick the host?
iv) Comment on the importance of evolution needed by the eggs of the parasite to keep surviving. (2 features mainly are vital for fooling).
Amensalism
1) How does it affect the 2 organisms?
2) Which is amensal and which is host? (Note: The naming is opposite to commensalism i.e the o organism is switched)
3) How is the amensal able to inhibit the host? (by what means?)
4) What are the terms given to the above mechanism in plants, and some other ones (antibiosis or biological antagonism)
5) Examples:
a) Penicillin
b) Streptomyces: (i.e the betrayer of bacteria) (what is an actinomycete?)
c) Roots of Black Walnut: (Juglans nigra) secrete toxin Juglone.
d) Some convulsion of wheat..
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Populations
Population Growth
General Points
1) Is the size of a population static?
2) The 4 processes that contribute to population density change. (2 increase and 2 decrease)
ii) (Note: Plants show only 3 of them. Which is the one left out?)
iii) What letters are each process represented by?
iv) Which are the 2 most important and which 2 are occasionally important?
3) Population Density (N) formula in terms of above processes.
4) Vital Index formula
Growth Models
1) What are these?
2) What are these models impacted by? (Ans. Environmental Factors)
Types(2) Try finding it out:
1) Exponential Growth:
a) What is the other name?
b) When does this happen? :star:
d) Give some examples.
e) What did Darwin have to say to this kind of growth?
f) What is biotic potential (what is it a.k.a)?
g) What is r formula in terms of (b and d)
h) Why is r value important?
i) Give the formula for exponential growth( using N, No, and t) (log and exponent formula)
j) What is the basic formula behind this?
k) If we draw this eq. on a graph, what shape will we obtain?
l) Why do these populations stop abruptly?
l) Read the examples for r magnitude in the text.
2) Logistic growth:
(What is this growth also called (last part of the topic))
a) How is this growth different from exponential w.r.t to resources?
b) What is carrying capacity(K)? (Note: K takes into account both species and type of habitat)
c) Logistic growth and natural selection point :star:
d) What does environmental resistance mean?
e) How does it influence the growth formula for logistic growth? (hint: it adds another term)
f) What is the logistic growth formula?
g) What shape does it give on the graph?
h) What are the different phases of this graph?
i) What is asymptote? When is it achieved?
Miscellaneous:
1) Which is the most realistic type of growth?
2) What are the x and y axes of the graphs?
Life History Variations:
1) What is the driving factor behind the evolution of organisms according to Darwin?
2) What kind of r value does Darwin fitness represent?
:star: Organisms always evolve towards the most efficient reproductive strategy:
1) Areas where strategies can be implemented:
a) Breeding Habit: (What do they mean by this)
i) Give examples of once in a life and multiple times in life breeding animals
b) Number and size of offspring:
i) These refer to the k and r selected animals.
ii) Examples of animals with large and small (this is obvious) offspring (Ans. Oyesters, pellagic fishes (large)
c) Lifespan: (Neelika Mam said this)
What did ecologists have to say about the relation between the evolution of organisms and their surroundings?
Introduction
Introduction
1) What is a population? (keyword: specific)
2) Are populations made only by sexual means?
3) Examples of populations
4) The relation between populations and natural selection.
5) Why is population ecology so important? (I'm going to forget this)
Population Attributes
3) Population Age:
i) What are the 3 age groups in any population?
ii) What is an age pyramid?
iii)Types of Age pyramids (3):
a) What does each pyramid show about the population growth?
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1) Birth and Death Rate:
i) Note: These refer to per captia
ii) Why can't an individual have a birth/death rate?
iii) Birth and Death Rate calculation formula. (I thought this was for population growth rate)
4) Population Density (N)/ Population Size:
i) What can a change in population help us evaluate?
ii) Methods of calculating population density (4):
(Note: Which is the most appropriate method? (Which is the toughest and easiest to calculate?)
a) Total Number
b) Biomass/ Percent Cover:
i) Define Biomass
ii) Example of the Banyan tree and Parthenium plant
c) Relative Densities:
i) Why was this method developed?
ii) Does it serve the equal purpose?
iii) Give an example of using this method (it's kinda tricky to understand)
(Note: This is not the density per unit area it's different)
iv) Formula
d) Indirect Method:
i) What is this method?
ii) Give an example of its use.
Introduction
1) What is Ecology? (Hint: both living and non-living).....What is the essence of ecology?
2) Levels of Organization (7): (out of which 4 are important)
a) Organism:
i) It is the basic unit of ecology?
ii) What do we aim to study in this level?
b) Population:
i) Definition.
c) Community:
i) What is a community? (Hint: add point about population interactions
d) Ecosystem:
i) What is an ecosystem? (hint: community + surroundings)
ii) Does cycling happen between these both? If so what cycling?
e) Landscape:
f) Biome:
i) What is the main characteristic feature here? :star:
Interesting observations of some animal behaviors:
1) Why are night blooming flowers generally white and more fragrant? (2)
2) How does the bee know which flower has nectar?(name the signal)
3) Why does Cactus have many spines? (2)
Environment of an Organism
1) What does ecology aim to learn at the organism level? (Hint: very related to Darwin's theories)
2) Biomes:
i) What are the 2 major factors that influence biome formation?
ii) What are the rest of the factors?(4)
iii) Types of Biomes: (Terrestrial) (6 - 4th one has 2 sub biomes)
iv) The biome graph in the textbook:
a) What is the x and y axis of the graph.
b)
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors in an Environment:
1) What are the 3 components that constitute the abiotic factors?
2) Habitat:
i) What are the main factors that affect habitat formation? (4)
ii) What are the biotic components of a habitat?
iii) Ecological niche:
(tip: it's like an ID Card/resume of an organism, where the organism says:
This is what resources I need, what role i can play and what conditions i can tolerate.
a) What is cool fact about the similarity in niche of any 2 species?
Major Abiotic Factors
Temperature:
1) Some V.I.P statement about the relevance of this factor :star:
2) How does the average temperature varies from equator to poles and plains to mountains?
3) Which 2 places have temps. >100 C?
4) Statement : Temperature plays an important factor in the latitudinal and altitudinal distribution of organisms.
5) E.g: Tuna Fish not found beyond tropical ocean
6) V.I.P: What 2 things of an organism does temperature affect?
7) Types of Organism based on Temp: (2) (The names are related to temperature)
i) In which temperature range do these animals grow?
ii) To which category do the vast majority of animals belong?
iii) Examples of each type. Which one does plants belong to?
Water
1) Why is water important? (2)
2) What is the % of water present on earth?
3) What are 3 important water factors required for aquatic organisms?
4) Mention the salinity for inland, sea and hypersaline lagoons (what is the unit used? beware they can change it to a higher or lower one and ask. :warning:
5) Types of animals (based on salinity tolerance)
i) What are the examples of each?
ii) Why are stenohaline animals like that?
Light
1) What is the visible light spectrum and PAR?
2) Importance of Light For plants:
i) Based on light intensity, what are the 2 types of plants?
ii) Give example of each taking the example of a tropical rain forest.
iii) What is the special feature of sciophytes?
iv) What is photoperiodic requirement?
v) What processes of plants do light affect? (4)
3) How does light influence animal behaviours?(3)
4) Sun is the ultimate source of energy.
5) What happens to the feeding habits of the organisms deep in the ocean? (>500m). (Key phrase: Depend on upper regions)
6) UV Ray Spectrum:
i) What are the 3 types of UV Rays?
ii) Which ones are harmful and which is the most harmful? (Tip: A safe)
iii) Which ones are absorbed by ozone layer?
7) Chromatic Adaptation:
i) Try reading this from textbook
ii) It's based on the wavelengths of light absorbed by the organisms resulting in the opposite colours being displayed only.
iii) Which one is founded in the deepest, intermediate and shallo =w regions?
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