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ARA102 F20 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 12pm Section, Group 2 -…
ARA102 F20 Topic (5) Politico-Religious Movements, 12pm Section, Group 2
Shia
The first spark of the shia movement was seen as early as CE 632, when succession to the prophet
Muhammad was decided to be Abu Baqr RA and not Ali b. Talib RA
Ali b talib became the caliph in 656 CE, however he was later assassinated in 661 CE as a result
political wars (19 th Ramadan)
However the shias established after when the sons of Ali RA (Hasan, Husayn) got assassinated at
karbala in 680 CE
Between 680ce-900ce many sub-branches emerged. Due to people preferring different strategies
and personality of the imam (movement against the Abbasids for example)
The Zaydiyya (fivers), named after Zayd b. Ali (the grandson of al-Husayn b. Ali) who are currently
the second largest Shia group
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The imamiyya, The Twelvers are the largest branch of Shia Islam with their last imam as Muhammad
(Al-Mahdi) who is yet to come
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Schools of Theology
Founders
Mu’tazila - Wasil ibn Ata’, his fellows came to be known as those who separated themselves, “mu’tazila”
They came to be known for their excessive rationalism and the incorporation of Greek philosophical concepts into their discussion of Islamic dogma. These discussions and interpretations of God’s qualities and nature proved to be far too controversial for the orthodox religious clergy
Ash’ariyya - Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, he insisted that reason is subordinate to revelation and thus assumed a more orthodox approach against the Mu’tazila
The Ash’ariyya eventually won acceptance within Sunni Islam as the official creed defeating the Mu’tazila and marking the end of the latter’s thought and practice
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Sufism
Sufism is a combination of Islamic spirituality, asceticism (zuhd) and mysticism
The concept and the discipline is part of the Sharia and the Quranic message, and was thus practiced by the Prophet himself
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A Sufi is he who is true hearted in devotion, firm in faith, loyal to the divine law, incisive in his understanding of the religion, and endowed with gnosis
Sufism is concerned with the unveiling of the divine truth (haqiqa), and gnosis (Marifa) of the divine is acquired through meditation by the passage through the psychological experiences and ecstatic states known as ahwall and maqamat
Rabia al Adawiyya (d. 801) is the best known, for Sufi women founded in the 11th and 12th centuries in Aleppo, Baghdad, and Cairo. She introduced the Sufi ideal of a love of God that was disinterested, without hope for paradise and without fear of hell
A silsila tariqa is a tariqa affiliated with its founder through a continuous chain (sil sila) of sheikhs who are the founder’s spiritual heirs and the aspirants’ spiritual leaders
Famous Sufis
Abu Hamid Al-Ghazzali
Persian Sufi, theologian and jurist
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Muslim Brotherhood
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Founded in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna, the Muslim Brotherhood came to be the leading party in Egypt in 2011-2012 and is also active in other Arab and Muslim countries
It has influenced other Islamic movements around the world with its model of political activism combined with Islamic charity work
It initially aimed to spread Islamic morals and good works, but it soon dived into politics with a deep engagement in a fight against colonial control and Western influence on the Egyptian society