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Social Psychology, Key Question - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Behave independently,make own decisions about how to behave and take responsibility for the consequences of our actions
    - - The change in state from autonomous to agentic
    - - Mental discomfort experienced in agentic state when actions conflict with personal morality.
  - - - Find out whether Germans were different during holocaust
    - - PPTs were given fake shocks for every mistake on a recall task increasing in voltage each time, and had a real tester shock of 15V to claim they're all real. Prompts were given to people who protested like please continue or please go on. With the reactions and post dialogue qualitative and quantitative data was collected by Milgram
    - - 65% got 450V , 100% got 300V although 12.5% dropped out by 300V.
    - - Americans were surprisingly obedient to legitimate authority. A number of factors explain obedience like perceived competence and rep of the researcher and participation was advancing science.
  - - - 47.5% Obedient
    - - 22.5% (9 people out of 40) obedient
    - - 80% refused when faced with an ordinary man
- - - - Theodor Adorno et al. (1950) explained high levels of obedience is called authoritarian personality. A harsh style of parenting leads children to develip toughness, destructiveness and cynicism.
    - - Julian Rotter (1966) = people who tend towards internal locus of control - greater responsibility for their actions and believe they are in control of their actions and what happens to them. People who tend towards external of control take less responsibility of their actions.
      - Internals more likely to show dissent and defy orders and externals more likely obedient.
  - - - Charles Sheridan and Richard Kings's (1972) ppts ordered to shock puppy. 100% female ppts were obedient whereas 54% of males were obedient.
    - - Wesley Kilham and Leon Mann (1974) replicated Milgram in Australia and found obedience rate of 28%. 40% of males were obedient, 16% of females.
    - - Carol Gilligan (1982) moral decision-making is guided by differing principles within genders.Males use the 'Ethics of Justice' are the values of equality and fairness and requires to avoid bias.Females use the 'Ethics of Care' which relates to interpersonal relationships and nurturing and supporting those in need.
      - Males expected to be more obedient and Females less obedient to desire to support someone from being harmed.
  - - - Reducing perceived legitimacy of authority figures, leads to reductions in obedience
    - - When distance between authority figures and ppts increase, obedience goes down.
    - - Exposure to role models who are disobedient will decrease obedience.
  - - - Individualists value personal autonomy and self- reliance whereas collectivists value loyalty, interdependence and cooperation.
      - People from individualist cultures could be less obedient due to the value on self-determination and independence compared to collectivist cultures where obligation and sense of duty may override the desire to rebel.
    - - Accepting people who are of hierarchical order in society.
- - - - Authoritarian Personality
        
        Overly harsh parenting styles create personalities that are highly obedient and display prejudice. Offer conditional love - child only receives love correct behaviour.
      - Allport's authoritarian personality
        
        Gordon Allport (1954) compared the authoritarian personality to more generalised tolerant types who have a sense of inner security and confidence stems from unconditional parental acceptance. Parenting leads to empathetic and accepting orientation of others.
        
        Allport believed people with authoritarian personalities are not necessarily prejudiced but may be receptive things targeting inner fears and insecurities.
    - - Social Norms
        
        Unwritten rules about what's socially desirable within social groups. People must follow norms because violations can lead to rejection. Norms act as powerful situational influences.
        
        Hadley Cantril (1941) suggested this group identity is crucial to the formation of prejudiced views. Individuals are prejudiced as they internalise 'frame of reference'.
      - Competition and Resource Stress
        
        Groups in competition results in prejudice.
        
        Victoris Esses and colleagues (2001) use resource stress to describe problems occurring from limited commodities.
    - - The norm of intolerance
        
        John Bladwin (2017) states all cultures are ethnocentric however some cultures are more prejudiced than others.
      - The norm of fairness
        
        Some cultures are more concerned with fairness than competition that leads to reduced levels of prejudice and discrimination.
  - - - Behaviour is motivated by social identity
      - Self image has two components: Personal Identity and Social Identity.
      - Personal Identity based on characteristics.
      - Social Identity determined by various groups of people, the (ingroup)
- - - - Other hard Sherif argues presence of outgroup doesn't cause animosity. Uniform signifies competition and people feel like fighting for freedom of speech of justice when competing.