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Transnational Advocacy Networks - Coggle Diagram
Transnational Advocacy Networks
Qué son
Called advocacy networks because advocates plead the causes of tghers or defend a cause or proposition.
Organized to promote causes, principled ideas, and norms, and they often involve individuals advocating policy changes that cannot be easily linked to a rationalist understanding of their interests.
Importantes
Transnationally and domestically
Links among actors in cicil societies, states, and international organizations, they multiply the channels of access to the international system.
Motivación
Values rather than material concerns or professional norms.
Change of politics
Reach beyond policy change to advocate and instigate changes in the institutional and principled basis of international interactions.
Novel
Ability to nontraditional international actors to mobolize information strategically to help create new issues and categories and to persuade, pressure, and gain leverage over much more powerful organizations and governments.
Goal
Change state and int org behaviour.
What they do
Frame issues to make them comprehensible to target audiences
To attract attention and encourage action
To fit with favourable institutional venues.
Bring new ideas, norms, and discourses into policy debates.
Serve as sources of informations and testimony.
Promote norm implementation
By pressuring target actors to adopt new policies
By monitorign compliance with international standards.
Name
Came form the actors themselves
Individuals and organizations have consciously formed and named transnational networks, developed and shared networking strategies and techniques, and assessed the advantages and limits of this kind of activity.
Agent- Structure
Embody elements of agent and structure simultaneously
Structure
Who creates networks and how
Agent
Talk about them as actors
Not powerful in the traditional sense
Legitimizados
Acces to Info
Can be understood as political spaces
Networks
Forms of organization characterized by voluntary, reciprocal, and horizontal patterns patterns of communication and exchange
Prominent cases & Transnational campaign
Women's rights
Indigenous rights
Similar
Creative use of information
Centrality of values or principled ideas
Belief that individuals can make a difference
Employment by nongovernamental actors of sophisticated political strategies in targeting their campaign
Environment
Labor rights
Human Rights
Infant formula
Campaigns
Sets of strategically linked activities in which members of a diffuse principled network develop explicit, visible ties and mutually recognized roles in pursuit of a common goal
Network mobilize others and initiate the tasks of structural integration and cultural negotiation among the groups in the network
Seek to develop a coomon frame of meaning
Major actors
Media
Churches, trade unions, consumer organizations, and itellectuals
Foundations
Parts of regional and international intergovernamental organizations
Local social movements
Parts of the executive and/or parliamentary branches of governments
International and domestic nongovernamental research and advocacy organizations
NGO's central role
Initiating actions and pressure more powerful actors to take positions
Introduce new ideas, provide information, and lobby policy changes
Groups in a network share values and frequently exchange information and services
They also create categories or frames within which to generate and organize information on which to base their campaigns
Their ability to generate information, quickly and accurately, and deploy it effectively, is their most valuable currency and central to their identity
International networking is costly
Geographic dinstance, the influence of nationalism, the multiplicity of languages and cultures, and the costs of fax, phone, mail, and air travel make proliferation of int networks a puzzle that needs explanation
Emerge
They emerge around issues
Activists or political entrepeneurs believe that networking will further their missions and campaignsm and actively promote networks
Conferences and other forms of international contact create arenas for forming and strengthening networks
Channels bewteen domestic groups and their government groups and their governments are blocked or hampered or where such channels are innefective for resolving a conflict, setting into motion the "boomerang" pattern of influence characteristics of theses networks
Boomerang Pattern
When the channels between the states and its domestic actors are blocked, the bommerang pattern of influence characterostic of transnational networks may occur: domestic NGO's bypass their state and directly search out international allies to try to bring pressure on their states from outside
Representación gráfica pág. 13
Issues where governments are innaccesible, international contacts cam amplify the demands of domestic groups
Growth of International Contact
NGO's or grassroots movements became the most likely alternative for those seeking to make a difference
Religous and political traditions
Many activists working in advocacy newtorks come out of these traditions, they tend no longer to define themselves in terms of theses tradidtions or the organizations that carried them
Cheaper air travel and new electronic communication techonologies
Effort of pioneers, a proliferation of international organizations and conferences
How they work
Normally involve small number of activists from the organizations and institutions involved
The kinds of pressure and agenda politics in which advocacy networks engage rarely involve mass mobilization, except at key moments
Actively seek way to bring issues to the public agenda by framning them in innovative ways anf by seeking hospitable venues
Sometimes create issues by framing old problems in new ways
The construction of cognitive frames is an essential component of networks political strategies
David Snow: Frame alignment
Organize experience and guide action (individual or collective).
Movement organization's interpretive work and its ability to influence broader public understandings
Tactics of persuasion, socilaization and pressure
Information politics
Ability to quickly and credibly generate politically usable info and move it to where it will havve the most impact
Provide information that would not otherwise be available, from sources that might not otherwise be heard
Alternate sources of info
Facts and testimony
Relieable and drama
Symbolic politics
Ability to call upon symbols, actions, or stories that make sense of a situation for an audience that is frequently far away
The juxtaposition of disparate events make people change their mind, not the event en sí
Leverage politics
Ability to call upon powerful actors to affect a situation where weaker members of a network are unlikely to have influence
Policy change by target actors
International Financial Institutions
Governments
Private actors
Moral leverage
Mobilization of shame
International Scrutiny
Accountability politics
Effort to hold powerful actors to their previously states policies or principles
Expose the distance between discourse and practice
Persuasion and socialization
Invlove reasoning with opponents, bringing pressure, arm twisting, encouraging sanctions and shaming
Seek influence
Power:
Information, ideas, and strategies to alter the info and value contexts within which states make policies
Stages of network influence
Influence on institutional procedures
Influence on policy change in target actors
Influence on state behaviour
Issue creation and agenda setting
Stages and not types because the increased attenttion, followed by changes in discursive positions, make governments more vulnerable to the claims that networks raise.
Meaningful policy change is more likely when the first 3 stages of impact have occurred
Both issue characteristics and actor characteristics are important
Issue Characteristics
Issues involving bodily harm to vulnerable individuals assigning responsability
Normative logic
Issues involving legal equality of opportunity
Juridical and institutional logic
Actor characteristics
Influence on discrusive positions of states and international organizations