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Chapter 10 Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Freud's system of treatment for mental disorders. The term is often used to refer to psychoanalytic theory
    - - Freud's theory of personality
    - - In Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the individual is not aware of which the individual is not aware but that is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts unavailable to conciousness
    - - The actions of the unconscious mind are powered by psychological energy
        
        motives
        
        drives
        
        instincts
      - Psychoanalysis focuses on how the mind's energy is
        
        exchanged
        
        transformed
        
        repressed
        
        Libido
        
        The Freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure
    - - Id
        
        The primitive, unconscious portion of the personality that houses the most basic drives and stores repressed memories
      - Superego
        
        The mind's storehouse of values, including moral attitudes learned from parents and from society; roughly the same as the common notion of the conscious
      - Ego
        
        The conscious, rational part of the personality, charged with keeping peace between the superego and the id
      - Freud likened the mind to an iceberg because only a small portion appears "above the surface"- in consciousness. Meanwhile, the vast unconscious mind lurks "beneath the surface" of our awareness
    - - Personality follows predictable patterns of development throughout childhood and adolescence
      - Psychosexual stages
        
        Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specifc bodily areas at different times of life
      - Among the issues that Freud was trying to understand with his theory of psychosexual development were those of gender identity and gender roles
        
        Freud's answers to these questions were rather complicated
        
        Oedipus Complex
        
        According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction to their mother
        
        Identification
        
        The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same sex parent
        
        Penis envy
        
        According to Freud. the female desire to have a penis-a condition that results in their attraction to males
        
        However, Freud may have been right in his assertion that early difficulties in life lead to fixation
        
        FIxation
        
        Occurs when psychological development is arrested at an immature stage
      - Ego Defense
        
        Ego defense mechanisms
        
        Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety
        
        Repression
        
        An unconsious process that excludes unnaceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memories
        
        Freud also proposed many ego defense mechanisms
        
        Denial
        
        Simply denying it exists
        
        Rationalization
        
        give socially acceptable reasons for actions that are really based on motives that they believe to be unnacceptable
        
        Regression
        
        Adopt immature behaviours that were effective at dealing with stress when they were younger
        
        Reaction formation
        
        Act in exact opposition to their true feelings
        
        Sublimination
        
        Gratifying sexual or aggressive desires in ways that are acceptable such as in acting or sports
        
        Projection
        
        attribute our own unconscious desires to other people or objects
        
        Displacement
        
        Shifting your reaction from the real source of your anger to a safer individual or object
    - - Personality assessment instruments, such as the Rohrshach and TAT, which are based on Freud's ego defense mechanism of projection
      - Rorschach inkblot technique
        
        A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of ten inkblots
      - Thematic Appreciation Test
        
        A projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures
      - Psychic Determinism
        
        Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioural responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts
    - - Literally "new Freudians"
      - refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality
    - - Jung felt that his mentor had overemphasized sexuality at the expense of unconscious needs and desires
      - Personal Unconscious
        
        Portion of the unconscious corresponding
        roughly to Freud’s id
      - Collective unconscious and Personality Types
        
        Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people
        
        Archetypes
        
        The ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. Archetypes appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world
        
        Animus and Anima
        
        Represent masculine and feminine sides of our personality
        
        Introversion
        
        The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience-one's own thoughts and feelings-making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert
        
        Introverts
        
        Focus on inner experience
        
        Makes them seem more shy and less sociable
        
        Extroversion
        
        The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one's attention outwards, towards others
        
        Extroverts
        
        Tend to be more outgoing
        
        unaffected by self-consciousness
      - Evaluating Jung's work
        
        His ideas do not lend themselves to objective observation and testing
        
        The notion of personality types makes Jung not only a psychodynamic theorist but also a pillar of the temperament/trait/type approach
        
        His theory is the basis for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
    - - Horney disputed the Oedipus Complex and Freud's assertion that women suffer from Oedipus Complex
      - Horney maintained that women want the same opportunities and rights that men enjoy and that personality differences between males and females result from social roles
      - Normal growth involves the full development of social relationships and of one's potential
        
        Basic Anxiety
        
        An emotion, proposed by Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness and leads to maladjustment
      - Neurotic Needs
        
        Signs of neurosis in Horney's theory, these 10 needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme
    - - Inferiority Complex
        
        A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with its roots in childhoos
      - Compensation
        
        Making up for one's real or imagined deficiencies
- - - - depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism
    - - Status of different age groups and sexes
      - Romantic love
      - Stoicism
      - Locus of control
      - Thinking vs. feeling
      - Attribution
    - - Susceptibility to neurotic problems
    - - A personality descriptor indicating the outgoing nature of some individuals
- - - - Traits
        
        Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and ab
      - Central Traits
        
        According to trait theory, traits that form the basis of personality
      - Secondary traits
        
        In trait theory, preferences and attitudes
      - Cardinal traits
        
        Personality components that define people's lives; Very few individuals have cardinal traits
    - - Self actualizing personalities
        
        Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentialities
        
        Ex: Eleanor Roosevelt and Albert Einstein
    - - Fully functioning person
        
        Carl Rogers's term for a healthy, self actualizing individual who has a self concept that is both positive and congruent with reality
      - Phemonenal Field
        
        Our psychological reality composed of one's perceptions
      - Unconditional positive regard
        
        the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
  - - - A recent movement within psychology, focusing on desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis of psychopathology
- - - - The process of learning new responses by watching others' behaviour
    - - The process in which cognitions, behaviour, and the environment mutually influence each other
  - - - An individual's sense of where his or her life influences originate
- - - - Four body fluids-blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile-that according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance
      - Cheerful person was characterized by strong, warm blood
      - Anger came from yello bile, believed to flow from the liver
      - Black bile created a depressed temperament
      - If dominant fluid is mucus, then the person will have a cool temperament
  - - - The basic and pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and that establish the tempo and mood of the individual's behaviours
      - Individual differences arise from the balance of chemicals in the brain
      - Modern psychology has replaced the humours with neurotransmitters
    - - Big Five Factors
        
        A trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundemental personality dimensions; openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
      - MMPI-2
        
        A widely used personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits. Also called the Minnnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
        
        How does it work?
        
        Four "lie" scales that will signal something is up
        
        Respondents are asked to indicate whether each statement describes them
        
        Why is it good?
        
        It has
        
        Reliability
        
        An attribute of a psychological test that gives consistent results
        
        Validity
        
        An attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what it is being used to measure
    - - Person-situation controversy
        
        A theoretical dispute concerning the relative contributions of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behaviours
        
        Personality tests typically account for less than 10% of the factors that affect behaviour
        
        Correlations between situations and behaviour are relatively week
- - - - A widely used personality test based on Jungian types
      - Given to nearly 2 million people each year
      - Used in career and relationship counseling