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Individual Differences, Gender Differences PBL, Learning Outcomes:, Group…

- - - - Stereotypes directly affect women’s motivation and emotional state at their job and in society. As a result, even those few women who end up in science and engineering positions are more likely to quit stating isolation and hostility at their workplace as some of the primary reasons for them doing so.
      - The environment, social beliefs, and stereotypes greatly determine how likely girls and women are to retain their interest and motivation in STEM subjects and pursue their passion in their adult life.
      - Sexism in the workplace
        
        Many women who try to come into these male dominated organizations may find themselves facing unfriendly environments and difficult work cultures. There are stereotypes in the workplace about women, especially in STEM fields, from whether a woman is truly capable of doing the job, to criticism about her tone of voice or work habits.
        
        Lack of female leaders can also be a difficult barrier for women in STEM. With less women in the top of organizations to help fight sexism and give female colleagues a place to aspire to, the system crumbles and doesn’t benefit anyone.
        
        Women who talk about sexism in the workplace often talk about “imposter syndrome” and how they feel pressure to perform perfectly in order to legitimize their place. This pressure isn’t sustainable in the long-term, and can quickly lead to burnout and frustration for female STEM professionals. This can cause the few women who do pursue STEM careers to quit in favor of a job where they will feel less pressure and more respect.
    - - Why?
        
        Women in countries of higher gender inequality could be seeking clearest path to financial freedom (STEM typically pays more).
        
        Countries that empower women also empower them to pick whatever career they enjoy the most/are best at. Gender equal countries had more life satisfaction. On an equal footing with men, some women will always choose to follow their passions, rather than whatever labor economists recommend. And those passions don’t always lie within science.
    - - Because of the lack of women in STEM, young girls, students, and college graduates do not have many role models that can inspire them to opt for STEM jobs.
        
        Girls have fewer role models to inspire their interest in these fields, seeing limited examples of female scientists and engineers in books, media and popular culture. There are even fewer role models of Black women in math and science.
      - Stereotypes and biases also shape the public’s opinion on what women in STEM should be or look like.
        
        In 2015, a software company OneLogic launched its recruitment marketing campaign that featured an attractive female engineer. It received a massive backlash from the public. People, especially males, were complaining that this is not what an engineer would look like.
        This resulted in a social media campaign #ILookLikeAnEngineer in order to raise awareness about the issue. There would have not been a need for that if there was more gender diversity in STEM.
        
        Research shows that people view STEM fields as masculine up to this day. Society views women in science and engineering jobs as less competent than men unless they are showing a considerable success. And even then people view them less likable individuals.
      - Because fewer women study and work in STEM, these fields tend to perpetuate inflexible, exclusionary, male-dominated cultures that are not supportive of or attractive to women and minorities.
    - - More likely to be primary caregiver
- - - - Hunter-Gatherer Explanation
      - Sexual Selection Hypothesis
    - - Sex Hormones
      - Prenatal
- - - - suggests that gender roles and their occupants are highly visible in everyday contexts and that gender stereotypes emerge in response to the observation of women and men in different social roles and in role-linked activities related to occupational choices
  - - - toys are often presented and promoted to children on the basis of their sex.
      - Many toys are gender neutral but companies often work hard to make their toys gender-specific.
      - Lego has recently been criticised for its new ‘Friends’ range which features slim-line dolls which spend their time on shopping and their appearance. Another recent arrival is the Monopoly Pink Edition, described as ‘an ideal gift item for girls aged 8 years+. It comes in a beautiful pink box and all of the new movers can be attached to a charm bracelet! Play around the board buying and building salons, boutiques and malls.’
      - Toys aimed specifically at boys are often based on engines and motors, construction and physical activity. At their worst, some ‘boys’ toys’ encourage a particular kind of aggressive masculinity, based on fighting and war. These include toys such as the ever- popular Nerf guns.
      - action, construction and technology toys are mainly marketed at boys; social role play and arts and crafts toys are mainly marketed at girls. Marketing toys in this way is problematic because play is crucial to how children develop and learn about the world. Boys need the chance to practise social skills; and girls need to be active and learn spatial and problem-solving skills.
  - - - Gender reveal parties
        
        Assigning colors to babies enforces a role that they are supposed to grow and fit into. There are only two colors, also enforcing that there are only two genders you’re allowed to claim. If you’re a girl, you have to like pink, and that also means you’re girly. If you’re a boy, you have to have blue, and you CANNOT like pink, or else you aren’t manly enough. If you’re a girl and you like blue, you’re a tomboy, and you aren’t seen as a strong female, but instead as a girl who doesn’t know how to be a proper girl.