Map out EVERYTHING that you think feeds into societal criminality
Necessary to societal function?
lenient sentences
click to edit
Laws
histrocial/outdated laws not suffiecent.
(laws not good enough to protect people so people take law into there own hands )
(laws not strong enough to deter criminals)
unrecognised and undiagnosed mental disorders
Discuss what you think the purpose of prison is.
supposed to be punishment and place for criminals to reflect on what they have done and what effect theyve had on other people.
Contain and remove danger from the general public
Depriving criminals of their freedom is a way of making them pay a debt to society for their crimes.
lenient prisons- no punishments, able to do and live relatively comfortably, prison is not seen as a deterrant.
As society evolves, so does our social norms, and no matter what, there will always be people who disagree with these norms. This causes conflicting perspectives which inevitably results in violence and disagreement.
Mental illness?
crime brings on an effective amount of change in society. When a crime is committed, people start to consider whether or not the social norm that was violated is valid. For example, just recently gay relationships were legalized in all states of the US. Until that point, being in a gay relationship was considered immoral and it was against social norms in the US. But after seeing a significant increase in gay relationships, members of society were able to think it over and realized that it really wasn’t going against any specific social norm.
when a crime is committed by a person, a penalty follows if proven guilty. These penalties support our society’s social values, beliefs, norms, and morals.
crime and subsequent punishments provides a positive social function as it establishes and maintains a social consensus about what is and isn’t deviant behaviour
Retribution, incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation and reform
Take away privallenges to make them understand and teach them what theyve done is wrong.
Varies depending upon culture.
Norway has one of the lowest recidivism rates in the world, currently 20% within 2 years, with approximately 3,933 offenders in prison, and one of the lowest crime rates in the world. Norway's prisons are renowned for being some of the best and most humane in the world.
America
lack of things to do (youth clubs) lack of funding towards places to occupy children and young people for example.
Attitudes towards police/authority
Changed over time
lack of behavioral intervention into children and young people who displays negative behaviours in schools ?
Mental disorders in prison inmates, occurs 5 times the rate of the general public. Prisoners with mental disorders are ignored by clinical staff and those who are treated, do not receive adequate attention. Along with inadequate treatment and diagnosis, harsh conditions of prisons, are leading inmates to have nervous breakdowns and committing suicide.
Kupers, T. A., & Toch, H. (1999). Prison madness: The mental health crisis behind bars and what we must do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Genetic susceptibility
Is criminality hereditary?
Environmental factors
Twin and adoption studies
School have the power to notify social services, cahms etc,,
MAOA gene
Scandinavian exceptionalism
Society influences does encourage those to commit crime but biological and environmental factors both come into play.
Agnew, R. (2014). Social concern and crime: Moving beyond the assumption of simple self‐interest. Criminology, 52(1), 1-32.
violent family members
delinquent peers
Social class
Addiction , substance misuse, Debt or gambling can lead to criminal behaviour
Improving school experiences might help prevent genetic influences on crime unfolding.
Wertz, J., Caspi, A., Belsky, D. W., Beckley, A. L., Arseneault, L., Barnes, J. C., ... & Odgers, C. L. (2018). Genetics and crime: Integrating new genomic discoveries into psychological research about antisocial behavior. Psychological science, 29(5), 791-803.
Religion
Social class does not influence criminality in adults.
Dunaway, R. G., Cullen, F. T., Burton Jr, V. S., & Evans, T. D. (2000). The myth of social class and crime revisited: An examination of class and adult criminality. Criminology, 38(2), 589-632.
Social class may not exist in relation to crime, like some theorists once thought.
Sampson, R. J. (1987). Communities and crime. Positive criminology, 91-114.
Cultural beliefs
Poor upbringing
The weight of evidence does conclude that there is no support of a genetic basis for any type of criminal or antisocial behaviour.
Joseph, J. (2001). Is crime in the genes? A critical review of twin and adoption studies of criminality and antisocial behavior. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 179-218.
Nature/Nurture
Attachments
Worlds Most Dangerous Prisons on Netflix is a good watch to see the cultural differences on how prisons work or treat inmates
social group theory & social inclusion theory
Gangs
Social identity theory
Testosterone
Exacerbate aggressive behaviour in men. Is this why men are more likely to engage in risky and violent behaviour?
Antisocial behaviour was lower in parent-offspring adoption but higher in twin and sibling adoption.
Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological bulletin, 128(3), 490.
Map out the factors and psychological/sociological theory that would help you address issues in reforming society?**
'.
preventative strategies
literature that inspired the Youth Club Advert and Leaflet
Youth club targeting young people most at risk of criminal activity? Involved in gang crime, drug and alcohol misuse, negative school behaviour, difficult family backgrounds, mental health problems?
societal issues more research so maybe reform society
Social bonding theory helps understand the contribution mentoring can have on preventing crime through attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief with parents and schools.
Mentors had positive beliefs on the impacts mentoring had on preventing crime and violence.
Those with insecure attachments may find it hard to trust in authoritative figures and adults.
(Bradley, J. (2018). Youth mentoring as a viable crime prevention strategy: Evidence and Ontario policy, with reflections from some mentors (Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa).
Decide on a patch for this topic Start to pull your research together: what are you making, who are you trying to convince?
look at sociological issues and psychological theory
Low SES areas
Cultural aspects
Children of offenders
There is a need for integrated implementation strategies to obtain effective prevention of youth delinquency.
Police-led interventions with “at-risk” young people had significant benefits, including positive impacts on offending rates, engagement of at-risk young people, and wider benefits to the communities within which the young people live, including participation, volunteering, and reduction in risks of community harm. A cost–benefit analysis also shows such schemes have the potential to offer significant savings to the criminal justice system as a whole.
(Hobson, J., Lynch, K., Payne, B., & Ellis, L. (2018). Are Police-Led Social Crime Prevention Initiatives Effective?: A Process and Outcome Evaluation of a UK Youth Intervention. International Criminal Justice Review, 1057567718814891.)
Artefact > Youth Club aimed at young people at risk of criminal/delinquent behaviour
Activities
Youth club information would include a time table of activities and detail of those activities.
Information for a youth club that is compatible with several different formats. A leaflet to be distributed in a school, a Facebook/social media page to target teenagers on social media also.
Sports
Music and performing arts
Gardening
Talks from...
Police officers
Drug and Alcohol charities
Local PCSO's that they recognise
Youth club based at local college- Set nights and times for different age groups
Youth club Delivered by police??? ...Hobson, J., Lynch, K., Payne, B., & Ellis, L. (2018). Are Police-Led Social Crime Prevention Initiatives Effective
Time: 4pm to 11pm for 11-19 year olds
Trips on weekends?
Police led intervention for youth at risk of criminal activity
Save money/time for police in long run by stopping criminality
Youth with parents in prison
Positive relationship with the police
College garden for youth to be involved with nurturing, growing things, developing skills
Football
Rugby
Basketball
Music lessons, learning instruments
Drama classes, developing confidence, expressing themselves
Sexual health nurses
Youth Club Organised by Police
Youth Club providing Mentoring Service
click to edit
**Communitywide rates of violence can be changed in communities with disproportionately high rates of youth violence associated with entrenched health disparities and socioeconomic disadvantage.
Community-level strategies are a critical part of comprehensive approaches necessary to achieve broad reductions in violence and health disparities.
(Massetti, G. M. (2016). Preventing violence among high-risk youth and communities with economic, policy, and structural strategies. MMWR supplements, 65.)
Youth club targeting Youths from Lower Social and Economic background
Sports based intervention staff, managers, partners, and participants suggest projects contribute to youth crime reduction: encouraging young people’s “self-transformation” through the development of supportive and mentoring relationships (changing people), providing alternative activities and “sanctioned” spaces (changing environments), and influencing the ways in which transgressive behavior is dealt with by criminal justice agencies through multiagency relationships and partnerships (changing responses). (Kelly, L. (2013). Sports-based interventions and the local governance of youth crime and antisocial behavior. Journal of sport and social issues, 37(3), 261-283.)
Youth Club Using Sports Activities
Analysis of transcripts from one-to-one interviews with participants (pupils) aged 11–17 years reveals various ways in which music-making facilitated positive change such as increased confidence, improved attitudes towards teachers and peers, feelings of calm, and better communication skills. Music-making activity may confer significant psycho-social benefits for young people, particularly when combined with mentoring support.
(Parker, A., Marturano, N., O’Connor, G., & Meek, R. (2018). Marginalised youth, criminal justice and performing arts: young people's experiences of music-making. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(8), 1061-1076.)
Youth Club Using Music and Performance Arts Activities
Research suggest that safe natural environment areas such as those with natural tree coverage and plenty of nature encourage mixed age group meetings and safe areas where individuals can meet and socialise whilst also being easier to monitor. The results from the research suggest that this is successful within low SES areas. Coley, R. L., Sullivan, W. C., & Kuo, F. E. (1997). Where does community grow? The social context created by nature in urban public housing. Environment and behavior, 29(4), 468-494.
Community gardens may bring people together in a way that could help to control crime. (Blair, L. (2014). Community Gardens and Crime: Exploring the Roles of Criminal Opportunity and Informal Social Control (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati).*
Youth Club Using Gardening activities
Youth Club using safe Communal meeting area
Literature here
Youth Club Organising Outdoor Activities
With an estimated 46 053 aged 10–18 years in England in a gang, the activities of gangs and County Lines have a devastating impact on young people, vulnerable adults and local communities. Young people engaged in County Lines activities are at hugely increased risk of child sexual exploitation, criminal conviction, violence, drug addiction and trafficking. It is essential that healthcare staff receive a high standard of training as seen in other organisations and that time is taken to try to identify and intervene with those at risk of gang exploitation at an early stage, to try to prevent significant harm.
(Williams, A. G., & Finlay, F. (2019). County lines: how gang crime is affecting our young people. Archives of disease in childhood, 104(8), 730-732
Youth Club facilitating talks & services from Charities/ Organisations around; Gangs, Crime; drugs & alcohol;
this would have to be on a voluntary basis, how would we recruit volunteers? Will PCSO’s have time in their busy schedules to volunteer for this type of thing? Will youths engage with this type of thing? Will it feel more like school and being lectured? How do we ensure engagement?
The project is a crime prevention intervention:
The definition of crime prevention (see also section 1.1) used here is given by Pauwels (2015, 6): “an intervention in mechanisms which in the short or long term decrease the number of crimes by (1) a decrease of the individual criminal propensity or (2) decreasing the exposure to situational environmental factors triggering individual propensity, (3) supplemented with interventions aimed at reducing the likelihood of harm as a consequence of crime” - European crime prevention network, 2016;
Society influences encourage those to commit crime but biological and environmental factors both come into play.
Agnew, R. (2014). Social concern and crime: Moving beyond the assumption of simple self‐interest. Criminology, 52(1), 1-32.
The results indicated that there is significant relationship between education, parental education, economic status, age, mass media use, social needs, societal security and preventing crime. (Dastranj, M., & Dianat, M. (2020). Family Factors Role in Preventing Crime Among Youth With on Emphasis On Societal Security.)
A life course approach to violence prevention is also useful—through early years family support, home visits, training in parenting skills, and youth support programmes. (Middleton, J., & Shepherd, J. (2018). Preventing violent crime.)
An anti-violence framework populated with evidence-informed strategies is presented and discussed in this paper > reference: Abt, T. P. (2017). Towards a framework for preventing community violence among youth. Psychology, health & medicine, 22(sup1), 266-285.
The findings show that crime prevents youth from visiting parks or places that require crossing gang boundaries, and that fear restricts participation in outdoor recreation. Activities that take place in the vicinity of homes and on school property during school hours, as well as activities that are organized and supervised by adults, are considered safer than unorganized and unsupervised activities. (Nichols, G. (1997). A consideration of why active participation in sport and leisure might reduce criminal behaviour. Sport, education and society, 2(2), 181-190.)
Activities supervised by adults from the youth club would be a safer environment and a one without criminal activity?
click to edit
Social group theory and social learning theory, how it affects youths in relation to crime and other harmful behaviours. Why we do this?
Akers, R. L. (2011). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Transaction Publishers.
Social Learning theory is associated with gang related crimes and self-reported delinquency.
Winfree Jr, L. T., Bäckström, T. V., & Mays, G. L. (1994). Social learning theory, self-reported delinquency, and youth gangs: A new twist on a general theory of crime and delinquency. Youth & Society, 26(2), 147-177.
society influences does encourage those to commit crime but biological and environmental factors both come into play.
Agnew, R. (2014). Social concern and crime: Moving beyond the assumption of simple self‐interest. Criminology, 52(1), 1-32.
underpinnings of societal criminality
Craig Trotter
Stephen Nelson
Katie Watson
Emma Stewart
Louise Irvin
Sophie Colman