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5: Internet Pornography and Violence Against Women - Coggle Diagram
5: Internet Pornography and Violence Against Women
Porn endorses violence towards women
Underpinning theories
Cognitive: Priming theory
- violent media primes other aggressive thoughts & evaluations = greater willingness to use in interpersonal situations
Learning: Social learning theory
- Young children imitate almost any specific behaviour they see
Cognitive: Schema theory
- during adolescence - socially dominant definitions of gender role schemas is extended and defined
Combined into a 3 input structure
Person has schemas about a hostile world
Person has scripts that solving problems using aggression is acceptable
Normative beliefs that aggression is acceptable
Building from the media-violence link
: media violence in short and long term can increase aggression and contribute to violent behaviour
Indirect correlation:
Messages in violent content communicate messages about gender, sexuality and equality
Concerned with how this may shape attitudes and behaviour in sexual relationships
Reduced sympathy to victoms
Increased rape myth acceptance
Increased attitudes in support of sexual violence
More sterotypical gender attitudes
Increased aggression
General Aggression Model (GAM)
(Bushman & Anderson, 2002)
Repeated violent media exposure
Increase in aggressive beliefs and attitudes
An enhancement of aggressive perceptual schemas
A deepening of aggression desensitisation & an increase in aggressive personality traits
Aggressive behaviour when a environmental trigger is available (individual is PRIMED to react aggressively)
Dealing with criticisms
Personality & individual differences
Levels of pre-existing aggression draws individuals to violent media
However: research in longitudinal studies and experiments have shown casual effect
Social violence is decreasing DESPITE increased exposure to violent media
Research is looking at everyday violence compared to severe violence
Multi-factorial nature of aggression: some contributing factors may be improving (eg. parenting) while others are worsening (eg. media)
Impossible to assertion the absolute contribution of a single factor
External validity of eliciting aggressive behaviour in labs
some are well validated (competitive reaction timed tasks)
All experiments have external validity issues, key is replication
Can overcome with triangulation and integration of evidence
Effects of Porn
Behaviour and wellbeing
Earlier exposure linked to earlier sexual behaviour
Self-report showing more young people incorporating porn practices into real sexual experiences
Poor mental health linked to frequent use of porn
Linked to increased self-objectification & body surveillance for young males and females
2016 APS Senate: submission that showed porn has a role in normalising violence against women
Pornified Culture of Violence
Influences social attitudes of young people: on what is considered normal and rewarding
Depicting behaviours that are not enjoyable or mainstream
Positive correlation between "perceived realism of porn" and incorporation of these behaviours into real sexual experiences
Hair pulling, slapping, choking, verbal abuse: hetro males interest in watching associated with desire to engage or engagement in
Sexual Script theory
Acquisition: observer learns a new behavioural script
variety of porn allows opportunity to learn new sexual scripts: female desire and consent
Activation: media exposure provides cues for retrieval and application of script
eg. sexual desire when watching porn --> sexual desire with partner --> activates script
Objectification theory
Division of a women into her parts / sexual function
IP: genitalia > face
Primary function of women in IP is male sexual gratification
Men depicted as socially powerful and violent
Women depicted as passive, and often coerced into sexual acts
Reinforces assumptions about gendered sexual behaviour
More research needed into
What drives compulsive/problematic
Impact of viewing on an individual and their relationships
What drives viewing behaviour, acceptance and incorporation into sexual practice
Countering the paradigm with education
APS 2016 submission
Recommend no porn for under 12
Education to help young people think critically
Training for parents on convo initation, parents and teachers, youth workers
Education
No universally taught education program in AUS schools
Young people & teachers agree that schools should teach about the risks of IP viewing