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Ecology of the Peer Group - Coggle Diagram
Ecology of the Peer Group
Peer: individuals who are about the same gender, age, and social status and who share interests
There are hierarchies within peer groups
Peer groups satisfy basic human needs- the need to belong and the need to develop a sense of self
Peer group Psychological Effects:
Emotions- poor peer relations are related to later neurotic/psychotic behaviors, more likely to drop out of school
Social- social competence (behavior that results from being able to understand others' feelings and intentions and being able to respond appropriately, knowledge of consequences of actions.
Social competence and the degree of social conformity depends on age, situation, and personal values (children in middle childhood are most influenced by peers
Cognitive- the ability to cope with complex social messages increases with age and stage of cognitive development
Assumptive reality- a theory about reality assumed to be true without investigation
Concrete-operational children put too much faith in their own abilities
Peer group socializing mechanisms:
Reinforcement (giving attention)
Modeling
Punishment
Apprenticeship
Play is significant to child development
Solitary- child plays alone (infant/toddler)
Onlooker- child is spectator (around age 2)
Parallel- child plays alone but mimics actions of nearby children (age 2 or 3)
Associative- communication and interaction but little organization (ages 3 and 4)
Cooperative- children interact in an organized manner (age 4 and 5)
Types of Play:
Imitative play
Exploratory play
Testing play
Model-building play