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UNIT THREE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pressure vs Volume
      - Inverse Relationship
      - P_1V_1 = P_2V_2
    - - Volume vs Temperature
      - V_1/T_1 = V_2/T_2
      - Direct Relationship
    - - Pressure vs Temperature
      - P_1/T_1 = P_2/T_2
      - Direct Relationship
  - - - Not every particle has the same energy - the temperature measures an average of the kinetic energies
      - If mass is held constant and the temperature changes then the velocity differs which results in a difference in kinetic energies
      - If the mass differs, but the velocity is the same, this will also result in a difference in kinetic energies.
    - - m = mass of particles, kg v = velocity, m/s
    - - Ability to diffuse through a small hole
      - Grahams' Law
      - (Rate_1/Rate_2) = (Molar Mass_2/Molar Mass_1)^1/2
- - - - E = energy (J), h = Planck's constant, 6.626 * 10 ^ -34, v = frequncey (Hz, s ^ -1)
    - - c = speed of light, 2.998 * 10 ^ 8, v = frequency (Hz, s ^ -1), wavelength, m
        
        Wavelengths are often measured in nm - 1 * 10 ^ -9 m = 1 nm
- - - - Substitutional
        
        Atoms of similar size substitutes for another atom in lattice
      - Interstital
        
        A smaller atom fills the space
        
        Tend to be more rigid, decreasing malleability and ductility
- - - - Occurs in molecules that contain H-N, H-F or H-O
      - Due to the large difference in electronegativity
  - - - Occurs between metal atoms
      - Due to multiple metallic cations being attracted to a delocalized sea of valence electrons
    - - Occurs between carbon atoms, silicon atoms and carbon with oxygen or silicon or silicon with carbon or oxygen
      - Stronger when more covalent bonds formed
    - - interactions between metals and nonemtals
      - Bonds are stronger when ions are smaller with grater charge
- - - - P = P_a + P_b
- - - - When an ionic solid is dissolved into water the ions become hydrated.
        
        Hydration is the process where water molecules surround the ions to dissolve them.
        
        Ion-Dipole
- - - - A spectrophotometer or colorimeter can be used to measure absorbance
    - - The more concentrated the solution is, the less light can pass through the solution
      - Concentration is measured by molaroty
        
        Molarity is the moles of solute divided by the volume of solution
        
        The unit, M, for molarity contains two units and means moles/liters
  - - - A = absorbance, e = molar absorptivity constant (usually the slope of the graph), b = path length (usually 1 cm), c - concentration (molarity)
- - - - The tendency to mix is strong, but if the solvent-solvent and solute-solute attractions are strong compared to the solvent-solute interactions, a solution will not form
      - Miscibility describes the ability of two substances to mix without spreading
        
        Like Dissolves Like
        
        Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes
        
        Nonpolar solvents will dissolve nonpolar solutes
- - - - Microwave Rational Spectroscopy
        
        Lower in energy than visible light
        
        When microwave radiation strikes the particles it causes them to rotate
        
        This is due to the interaction of the dipole of the molecules interacting with the electromagnetic field of the microwave photons
        
        MICROWAVE RADIATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSITION IN MOLECULAR ROTATIONAL LEVELS
      - Infrared Vibrational Spectroscopy
        
        Higher in energy than microwaves, but less than visible light.
        
        Measures the vibration of atoms and allows the determination of the functional groups present in a molcule
        
        It analyzes absorption, emission and reflection.
        
        Generally, lighter atoms and stronger bonds tend to vibrate at higher frequencies
        
        INFRARED RADIATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSITIONS IN MOLECULAR VIBRATIONAL LEVELS.
      - Ultraviolet - Visible Light Spectroscopy
        
        Visible light is concerned with the part of the electromagnetic spectrum we can see
        
        Ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is higher in energy as the wavelengths are shorter thus the frequency is higher
        
        The interaction of these wavelengths of electromagnetic spectrum and molecules or atoms can allow the determination of the concentration of the molecules in the solution.
        
        The photons of colored light are absorbed by a compound causing electrons to move from their ground state to a higher energy "excited" state.
        
        By measuring the amount of light leaving a sample and comparing it to the amount of light that entered the sample we can find the amount of light that was absorbed by the sample.
        
        This is measured by a spectrophotometer
        
        ULTRAVIOLET?VISIBLE RADIATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSITIONS IN ELECTRONIC ENERGY LEVELS.