Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

PBL 2 Retirement, Amy, Daisy, Molly, Kayleigh, Ruairi, Mia, Gemma, Abi -…

- - - - Video games led to better self-concepts and enhanced qualities of life in elderly participants
    - - • Improved ability to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously.
    - - • Fifty hours of action video game play (spread over ten to twelve weeks) improved visual contrast sensitivity (the ability to distinguish subtle differences in shades of gray) compared to controls (Li et al., 2009).
    - - • A number of researchers have shown that experience with action video games improve people’s abilities to switch rapidly and without error between tasks that have conflicting demands
      - found that action video gaming improved performance on the ability to locate, quickly, a target stimulus in a field of distractors--a test that has been found to be a good predictor of driving ability
    - - Oh, Y., & Yang, S. (2010). Defining exergames & exergaming. Proceedings of Meaningful Play, 1-17.
      - • Exergames improved executive functions, attentional processing, and visuospatial skills (Stanmore et al, 2017).
        
        Stanmore, E., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., de Bruin, E. D., & Firth, J. (2017). The effect of active video games on cognitive functioning in clinical and non-clinical populations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 78, 34-43.
    - - • Experiments with elderly participants show that video games result in improved Cognitive flexibility, attention, working memory, and abstract reasoning.
      - • The trainees improved significantly more than the control participants in executive control functions (task switching, working memory, visual short-term memory, and reasoning) after playing a real-time strategy video game for 23.5 hours (Basak et al, 2008).
  - - - Lista, I., & Sorrentino, G. (2010). Biological mechanisms of physical activity in preventing cognitive decline. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 30(4), 493-503.
    - - • subjects who performed a high level of physical activity were significantly protected (−38%) against cognitive decline (Sofi et al, 2011)
      - • subjects who performed a high level of physical activity were significantly protected (−38%) against cognitive decline (Sofi et al, 2011).
    - - Still, C. N., Jackson, K. L., Brandes, D. A., Abramson, R. K., & Macera, C. A. (1990). Distribution of major dementias by race and sex in South Carolina. Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975), 86(8), 453.
  - - - • Greater intakes of anthocyanidins and total flavonoids were associated with slower rates of cognitive decline (Devore et al, 2012).
      - • Effect estimates were equivalent to those we found for approximately 1.5 to 2.5 years of age in our cohort, indicating that berry intake appears to delay cognitive aging by up to 2.5 years (Devore et al, 2012).
      - • Greater intakes of blueberries and strawberries were associated with slower rates of cognitive decline (Devore et al, 2012).
    - - • MIND score was positively associated with slower decline in global cognitive score and within all cognitive domains (Morris et al, 2015).
    - - • Mediterranean‐DASH diet Intervention for Neurodegeneration Delay had Higher scores in each dietary pattern which were independently associated with significantly better cognitive function (McEvoy et al, 2017).
      - • Participants with mid confidence interval and high Mediterranean diet intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) scores were less likely to have poor cognitive performance than those with low confidence interval scores in fully adjusted models (McEvoy et al, 2017).
    - - • Berries can influence cell-signalling cascades in vivo and in cell culture systems (Willis et al, 2009).
      - • Studies have revealed that flavonoids and polyphenols from berries accumulate in the brain following long-term consumption (Willis et al, 2009).
- - - - Watching grandchildren gives a purpose and social engagement which is impacted by retirement. (Burn et al, 2016)
      - The longer people are retired, the less they miss the social interaction they once had in the work place. This suggests that although retirement may feel lonely at first, one is able to adjust to their new way of life eventually (Damman, Henkens & Kalmijn, 2013).
  - - - The adverse health effects are mitigated if the individual is married and has social support, continues to engage in physical activity post-retirement, or continues to work part-time upon retirement (Dave et al, 2006)
    - - However poorer physical functioning and mental health for workers who experience involuntary job loss, especially in older workers (Gallo et al, 2000)
        
        The effects of late-life involuntary job loss on both follow-up physical functioning and mental health were negative and statistically significant (Gallo et al, 2000)
      - In support of the view that work is alienating and retirement liberating, retirees experienced less anxiety and distress and higher positive affect. Retirees’ lower anxiety and distress were explained by activity characteristics (Drentea, 2002)
        
        In support of the view that work is empowering and retirement demoralizing, retirement is associated with lower sense of control (Drentea, 2002)
        
        Creating jobs or other opportunities with a high level of autonomy may help retain retirees in the workforce and maintain high levels of well-being (Drentea, 2002)
- - - - role theory
        
        retirement can be seen as the absence of role identity 'role loss' this can make people feel less anxious or depressed and have lower satisfaction in retirement
        
        Men with high work-role salience expressed less satisfaction with retirement and were less likely to report that the retirement years are better than the working years; and women who enjoyed their jobs were less likely to report that retirement is better. For women, this might also be an indication of role relief. If they did not enjoy their job, they were more likely to report that retirement is better. Similarly, the odds of rating retirement as being better than the work years increase if women found their jobs psychologically stressful. On the other hand, men seem to be able to translate positive work experiences—high skills discretion on the job and enjoyment of their work—to satisfaction with life in retirement.
      - Women that worked a greater percentage of their career in part-time employment have reduced odds of reporting that the retirement years are better, even after the variables for income, health, various characteristics of the preretirement job, and the nature and timing of the retirement decision are controlled.
        
        for men, the longer they work before retirement (that is, the greater their career continuity) the less likely they are to rate their retirement years as better than their preretirement years. Moreover, tests of gender interactions in multivariate analyses confirm that employment continuity has a differential effect on comparative assessments of retirement for men and women.
      - preretirement planning and the reasons for retirement seem to be especially important for men’s assessments, whereas timing is key for women. After considering all other variables in this analysis, we find that advanced planning for retirement remains an important factor for men’s retirement satisfaction. Three reasons for retirement stand out as important for retirement satisfaction among men. Men who retired for internally motivated reasons, to do other things or for financial incentives, had increased odds of being highly satisfied in retirement. On the other hand, men who retired because of the health of a family member (an external motivation) had lower odds of retirement satisfaction.
    - - the role of resources- retirement satisfaction is related to access to key resources, increased leisure and volunteer work can increase satisfaction
      - some research suggests that because woman have greater experience in role transition, more interrupted careers and see the family as their primary identify they are better at adjusting, however some argue that woman having more discontinuous work trajectories means that they have greater risk to financial vulnerabilitiy so lower retiremebt satisfaction
      - this current study found females had a bigger problem adjusting to retirement. it was uncommon for woman in the nererlands to work until retirement age, so those that did her highly motivated and job focused meaning their job loss was more substantial
    - - evidence to suggest men and woman coordinate their retirement decisions. since woman typically marry older men, they tend to retire younger
      - Perrachi and welch (1994) men who are not married have a higher probability of leaving leaving the labour force and a lower probability of exciting retirement, this is reversed for woman.
      - for older men and woman who socialised during the previous era, traditional gender roles can explain retirement decisions: for men, the number of dependents living in their home decreases their likelihood of being retired. for woman, the likelihood of them retiring early dramatically increases the more dependants they have living in their home.
  - - - Same reference. Contemporary Western retirement is both an individually earned right to a period of leisure after employment, and an age grade social obligation to allow younger workers to enter the work force. In a small West African pastoral society, the Fulani, when a couples eldest child is married they will transfer away the last of their cattle in the marriage transaction and are now regarded as useless and live as dependants with their eldest son, and are essentially segregated from the community from then until they die.
        
        Same Reference. Among the Lusi of Papua New Guinea, old age is an exceedingly rare condition, if a person does reach old age, his or her place within the community is determined by how well he or she can remain independent and and productive. Those who rely on their kin in their old age are viewed as a burden and are virtually ignored outside of being kept alive by their community.
        
        Same Reference. However, among the Hopi of the American southwest, retirement is impossible at any age, and death alone marks the end of active work and participation in the community. While there are practices similar to retirement in non-Western nations, the particular features of the Western notion are unique. There is an observable change in the pattern of daily activities of chronologically defined late middle aged adults which, from a strict behaviouralist perspective, might be regarded as identical to the changed typical of retirement in America.
    - - Turkish elderly have large social networks with whom they interact frequently, particularly in smaller towns. Compared to Sweden, even Turkish living in metropolitan areas have more social contacts. Turkish respondents reported feeling lonelier and more negatively towards ageing and their lives compared to Swedes.
        
        Turkey is more a culture-of-relatedness where interdependence rather than independence is predominant. Turkish respondents generally were more unfavourable toward institutional living than the Swedish. In Turkey an institution becomes an acceptable last resort for those who have fewer social contacts and feel lonelier and more negatively about their lives. In countries like Sweden, there are numerous institutions offering high-quality services to a large number of the elderly population, and these institutions may seem available alternatives without negative personal implications for their inhabitants
    - - For Brazilians, there is a link between a negative evaluation of the country's quality of life and a lowered emotional impact of leaving their jobs. they feel resigned to their loss of power to influence their environment, which could be explained by collectivism/individualism orientation.
        
        People in collectivist cultures see the environment as pretty much fixed (stable norms & obligations) and themselves as changeable and 'ready to fit in'. People in individualist cultures see themselves as pretty much stable (stable attitudes & personality) and the environment as changeable.