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Migration and Globalisation, yo, text, Link Title ), image, image, image,…

- - - - -Dharavi is a squatter settlement in Mumbai home to 1 million people
      - people are forced to live in overcrowded settlements like this because of the rapid population growth.
        this is due to natural increase and high levels of rural to urban migration
    - - its is overcrowded and noisy
      - -many houses are made from cardboard,wood and corrugated iron
      - -there is little to no sanitation or clean drinking water for residents
      - -pollution and disease are very common - 4,000 cases of typhoid and diphtheria each day
      - strong sense of community and pride
  - - - people move from all over india to mumbai for more job opportunities
      - most of the population of Mumbai were previously living in India
      - Pull factors of mumbai
        
        better services such as healthcare, education
        
        more job opportunities and higher wages
        
        better living conditions, higher quality housing
        
        less chance of natural disasters
      - mumbai population:18.41 million
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      - Causes of Rapid Megacity Growth in Shenzhen, (why are people moving there?)
        
        From its roots of one of China’s first SEZ in 1979- FDI, JOBS CUMULATIVE CAUSATION. In 1979 it became one of China’s first Special Economic Zones and began attracting increasing numbers of people inn search of employment, leading to overpopulation.
        
        Shenzhen is directly on the coast of China, on the South-East coast.
        
        The illegal neighbourhoods have huge life and colourful street life, small-scale public spaces and plentiful pedestrian activities, making living there attractive and fun, pulling people to move to Shenzhen.
        
        The construction quality, while not ideal, is of substantially higher quality than most slum areas around the World but are still recognised as ‘slums’. Therefore, pulls the people living in bad slums around the World, contributing to the rapid rural-urban migration.
        
        Shenzhen has the existence of agricultural, industrial, commercial and other transitional industries which provides a wide economic base for the city and ultimately provides a huge variety of jobs, increasing employment opportunities for the migrant population.
        
        The clanship of the villages provides a strong community organisation, enabling each village to operate as productive entities throughout the city’s rapid economic transitions.
        
        The spatial pattern of Shenzhen’s housing is evenly distributed with the most expensive houses throughout its most urbanised areas along with the ‘Villages in the City’, enabling the majority of the population to live near their places of work. The idea of easy access to jobs and close commute draws people from rural areas to Shenzhen as work becomes much easier.
        
        Shenzhen has come to represent China’s rapid modernisation and urbanisation. It has quickly become a model of urban planning and development within China and the rest of the World. -Mass illegal shelters were built, unregulated neighbourhoods called ‘Villages in the City’. These neighbourhoods attract migrants from elsewhere through the idea of social clustering. It is estimated that these neighbourhoods house up to 50% of Shenzhen’s 11 million population.
        
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        Shenzhen holds the record for the highest rate of growth within the last 40 years, showing us that people may move to Shenzhen in order to be a part of the positive economic future, and the reassurance that they will be likely to have a good quality life. - In the first 2 decades, Shenzhen was seeing 300,000 people migrating into the city each year. As a result, the state was then forced to construct massive numbers of affordable housing for the next 20-30 years. This demand was huge, the government could not frankly keep up.
        
        11 million inhabitants- over populated, social clustering
        
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  - - - Lots of young highly skilled people are flocking to cities; the city has the presence of industrial, agricultural, commercial,
        and other TNC industries which attracts a vast range of highly skilled people with a large array of employment opportunities.
        This means that many of the migrants who arrive well educated and are after the same jobs.
        Job creation however is slow and can’t match the fast migration rates (300,000 people arriving each year)
        so many are left unemployed (2.30% in 2019) or with lower wage jobs
        
        this creates major income inequality. Low-income results in an inability to pay for adequate housing and services so poverty increases
        (27.6% among migrants, 6.1% for non-migrants) and the quality of life in Shenzhen decreases - the megacity is ranked 83rd of all cities in China.
        The high rates of unemployment lead to informal employment with poor working conditions and child labour with an unstable income. The informal economic conditions make wages difficult to regulate, exacerbating the long-term economic challenges for the residents of Shenzhen and the government.
        These economic challenges often result in social challenges such unemployment and informal employment leads to higher rates of crime (over 100,000 offences in 2019) such as petty theft and drugs (aimed towards rich businesspeople and tourists)