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Biology Paper 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Its a lock( Enzyme) and key (molecule
    - - Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
      - neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
      - emulsifies fat forms small droplets increases the surface area, so increases the rate of fat breakdown
  - - - heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double
        circulatory system
      - Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange
      - Left bVentrivcle carries it around the rest of the body
      - three different types of blood vessel:
        
        • arteries
        
        • veins
        
        • capillaries
    - - Health issues
        
        Health is the state of physical and mental well-being.
        
        Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, are major
        causes of ill health
        
        Diet
        
        Stress
        
        life situations
      - The effect of lifestyle on some non-communicable diseases
      - Fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them. The flow of blood is reduced and this causes the lack of oxygen to the heart
        
        Statins are used to reduce blood cholesterol
        
        Stents keep coronary arteries oopen
        
        Change in heart
        
        donor heart, or heart and lungs can be
        transplanted
        
        Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive
  - - - • epidermal tissues
      - • palisade mesophyll
      - • spongy mesophyll
      - • xylem and phloem
      - • meristem tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots.
    - - Root hair cells are adapted for the efficient uptake of
        water by osmosis, and mineral ions by active transpor
      - Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves. It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin
- - - - Measles is a viral disease showing symptoms of fever and a red skin rash
    - - Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop
        on leaves
    - - Salmonella food poisoning is spread by bacteria ingested in food,
      - Gonorrhoea
    - - The pathogens that cause malaria are protists.
    - - skin
      - acid in stomach
      - hairs in ear, wax
      - mucus
      - Phagocytosis
        
        antibody production
        
        antitoxin production
    - - Vaccination involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen
        
        White blood cells produce antibodies and memory cells store this
    - - .The painkiller aspirin originates from willow
      - Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium
        mould.
      - New drugs are extensively tested for toxicity, efficacy and dose.
      - New drugs are extensively tested for toxicity, efficacy and dose.
        
        Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial.
        
        If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug
        
        In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo.
    - - Antiboitics are medicines that cure bacterial diease by killing the infective bacteria. Specific antiboitics for specific bacteria
        
        Overuse has led to resistant strains
      - Cannot kill viruses
  - - - pregnancy tests
      - measure the levels of hormones
      - specific molecules in a cell or tissue
        by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
    - - produced frrom Single clone of cells
        
        a mouse lymphocyte stimulated to produce specific antibody, combined with hybridoma tumour cell which replicates and produces the antibody
      - Specific to one antigen
  - - - stunted growth
      - Spots
      - Decay
    - - Physical defence responses to resist invasion of microorganisms.
        
        Cellulose cell walls.
        
        Bark
      - Chemical plant defence responses
        
        Antibacterial chemicals
        
        Poisons to deter herbivores
      - Mechanical adaptations
        
        • Thorns and hairs deter animals.
        
        Leaves which droop or curl when touched.
        
        Mimicry
- - - - • converted into insoluble starch for storage
      - • used for respiration
      - used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis
  - - - Aerobic = glucose + oxgen - carbon dioxide
        
        The heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume increase during
        exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood.
        
        Anaerobic will take place as it can't get enough oxygen
        
        Oxgen is payed back after exercise when extra oxygen breathed in
      - Anaerobic is glucose -> latic acid
        
        in plants and yeast cells its glucose -> ethanol+carbon dioxide
- - - - Plant
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        DNA in Nucleus
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Ribsomes
        
        Cell wall
        
        Chloroplasts
        
        Vacuole filled with cell sap
      - Animals
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        DNA in Nucleus
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Ribosomes
      - Cells specialise and differentiate to preform different tasks
        
        Normally done at early stages in animals but can be done throughout life with plants
        
        Animal cells can only replace and repair
        
        Stem cells is an undifferentitated cell, which can become one of many different types of cells
        
        Can either be found in embroyos or in adult bone marrow
        
        Meristem tissue in plants can differentiate into any type of plant cell
        
        c cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient. Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body so they may be used for medical treatment
      - The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules. Crhomosomes carries large number of genes
        
        Found in pairs
        
        Cells split in a process called mitosis
    - - Cell membrane and cytoplasm surrounded by cell wall
      - DNA in plasmids, one main loop with small loop surronding
      - Bacteria multiply by simple cell division (binary fission)
        
        Grown on agar or nutrient broth solution
    - - ELectron microscope can see in much more detail than light microscope
        
        Magnification = image/rreal image
    - - Diffusion
        
        Factors which affect the rate of diffusion are:
        
        • the difference in concentrations (concentration gradient)
        
        • the temperature
        
        • the surface area of the membrane
        
        Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
      - Osmosis
        
        Water may move across cell membranes via osmosis. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
      - Active Transports
        
        Movement of substances against the concentration gradient. but requires energy from respiration