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The Birth of the Educational System in the UK (1870 – 1918) - Coggle…
The Birth of the Educational System in the UK
(1870 – 1918)
I) The Education System before 1870
No real system until 1870 (privately run) but different sorts of school
Grammar schools
Foundations dating back to the 16th C -> high fees but free places for poor children
Private schools
fee-paying but more modern curriculums (maths, modern languages, science)
Public Schools
High fees++
Based on the teaching of ancient langage -> T. Arnold (hm Rudgy 1828-42) helped to modernize it
9 major schools : Eton, Harrow etc.
biggest mass of the pop only received basic teaching from the Voluntary Schools (Sunday Schools, Charity School) led by the Anglican Church through the National Society (1811 by A. Bell) BUT competition with Nonconformists In 1818 : 1/17 of the pop was receiving elementary educ
Some radicals thought it was important to have a public educ system -> Bentham (utilitarianism)
YET laissez-faire mentality -> the poor have to work if they want educ + think that poor people didn't need educ, only to learn basic skills -> fear of revolution (Rubinstein)
II) Government Intervention in Education
c) Forster's Education Act
Religious dispute btw Anglicans and Nonconf (had to fight for their influence in Board Schools)
1870: W.E. Forster (under Gladstone) -> reform of the Educ Dep THE REFORM : il places where Voluntary Schools didn't exist, gov set up local School Boards (decided : religious educ or not?) + neither compulsory attendance nor free (but boards could pay for poor children
Success: number of children receiving elementary educ had more than doubled 1883 : 3700 Board Schools but still 11k Anglican voluntary schools
d) Further Developments in Elementary Education
1881 : A.J. Mundella's Education Act -> attendance to school = compulsory (5-10 yo)
1876 : Sandon's Education Act -> local School Attendance Committee could be set up to encourage ++ children
1891: The Fee Grant Act -> education became free (grants based on attendance, no longer Lowe's system)
b) The shift in education
Growth of pop -> Voluntary Societies = overflowed BUT eco blooming -> able to provide cash for a reform
R. Lowe: working classes had to receive educ if they were to participate to the demo life (1867 reform act) + Countries who did that (US, Prussia) were doing better eco and militarily
J. Chamberlain in 1869 : National Education League -> campaign for a reform
e) The Balfour (cons PM) Education Act (1902)
1902 Act: abolishement of School Boards -> county councils/boroughs to run Voluntary Schools AND Board Schools Local authorities able to help secondary schools
CTXT : Shortage of money for Voluntary Schools + chronic shortage of suitable technical education (Bryce Commission 1895)
CQs : vital bc raised the standards of educ + more uniformity
a) First government action on education
1861: Newcastle Commission -> majority of the pop unable to read a newspaper/write a letter + 1/7 received educ
1856: creation of the Departement of Education
1847: Grant increased to £100k
Teacher training colleges established (religious) + gov offered grants for able children (13-18yo)
1839: increased to £30k + committee to supervize the use on this money + later : workhouses schools with the Poor Law amendment Act
1833: £20k to Anglican societies in order to provide + buildings
1833-70: Radicals in the Whig Party -> Gov pressured to take some first action BUT merely made some cash available
1862 recommendations of the commision: grants should be granted to the best pupils (-> introduced by Robert Lowe head of Dep of Educ with the "Payment by Results" system
1870: Gladstone -> state has to ensure every children receive educ + provide schools if needed
f) Further Steps towards Secondary Education for All
1918: Fisher's Education Act -> school-leaving age from 12 to 14 "day continuation casses" for children who school at 14.
Introduced State scholarships for secondary schools pupils to go to Uni
1906 11-Plus system -> all secondary schools receiving grants had to reserve 25% of their places for children from elementary schools
CCL : In 1918, much effort had be done to provide a social ladder for the lowest working classes: but it was still not enough, and after World War I, this improvement was crippled by the lack of government funds (directed to the war effort).