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Coronary Artery Disease, Kayla Murray; Patho & Pharm 002 - Coggle…
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathogenesis
What needs to occur in order for a disease to develop in the body; steps leading up to developing disease (Huether, 2020)
CAD occurs due to atherosclerosis, which is the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls due to plaque made up of cholesterol, fibrous elements and inflammatory molecules and accumulation of smooth muscle cells in the foam cells; this causes decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart and leads to CAD (Huether, 2020) (Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2016)
There are 5 main stages to the development of atherosclerosis; endothelial dysfunction, lipid layer (fatty streak) formation in the intima of the arteries, leukocytes and smooth muscle cells move into the arterial wall, creation of foam cells, and finally the extracellular matrix breaks down (Atherosclerosis, n.d.).
Incidence/Prevalence
Prevalence is the amount of people in a given population who have a certain disease in a certain time period; Incidence is the amount of people develop a certain disease during a certain time period (Prevalence and Incidence, 2012)
Prevalence of CAD increases with age (Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2016)
CAD accounts for approximately a third of deaths in people 35 and older (Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2016)
About 15.5 million people older than 20 have CAD in the United States (Sanchis-Gomar er al., 2016)
Risk Factors
Environmental factors in which one is exposed to in their life that can increase their risk for developing disease (Risk Huether, 2020)
Modifiable risk factors of CAD include obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, high blood cholesterol, living a sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, poor stress management and smoking tobacco products (Hajar, 2017)
Non-modifiable risk factors of CAD include a family history of CAD, age, male gender and race (Hajar, 2017)
Clinical Manifestations
Signs and Symptoms of a disease as experienced by the patient (symptom, subjective), and as observed by the health care provider (signs, objective) (Huether, 2020)
Some signs and symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease include Angina pectoris, shortness of breath, nausea, malaise, cold sweats, dizziness, and pain in the arms, shoulders, neck and/or jaw (Coronary Artery Disease, 2019)
Coronary artery disease cannot be cured, so treatments are used to ease symptoms of the disease and help prevent it from further complications
CAD also may be asymptomatic in several cases (Sanchis-Gomar et al., 2016)
Diagnostics
The practice of diagnosing
Certain tests can be done to determine a diagnosis of CAD, including an ECG, echocardiogram, exercise stress test, chest X-ray, cardiac catheterization, coronary angiogram, and a coronary artery calcium scan (Coronary Artery Disease, 2019)
Other ways doctors will determine a diagnosis of CAD includes gaining information of your medical history, a physical exam and routine blood testing (Coronary Artery Disease, 2020)
Treatments
Ways to manage and/or cure a disease or other health condition (Medical Treatment, 2018)
CAD can be treated by lifestyle adjustments such as incorporating exercise and a healthy diet, stress-reducing habits, and cessation of smoking
Certain drugs may be used to treat CAD, including aspirin, cholesterol-modifying medication, Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitroglycerine, Ranolazine, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (Coronary Artery Disease, 2020)
References:
Atherosclerosis. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2020, from
https://www.textbookofcardiology.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease. (2020, June 05). Retrieved November 05, 2020, from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350619
Coronary Artery Disease. (2019, December 09). Retrieved November 05, 2020, from
https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/coronary_ad.htm
Hajar, R. (2017). Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease: Historical Perspectives. Retrieved November 05, 2020, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686931/
Huether, S. E. & McCance, K. L. (2020). Understanding pathophysiology (7th Ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Medical treatment beyond first aid. (2018, November 12). Retrieved October 29, 2020, from
https://www.wisconsin.edu/workers-compensation/coordinators/osha-record/medical-treatment/
Prevalence and Incidence Defined. (2012, October 21). Retrieved October 29, 2020, from
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/prevalence-incidence/
Sanchis-Gomar, F., Perez-Quilis, C., Leischik, R., & Lucia, A. (2016, July). Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome. Retrieved November 10, 2020, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4958723/
Kayla Murray; Patho & Pharm 002