Dynamic Development
Measuring development
Ethiopia
Country development
Uneven development
Clark-Fisher Model
Alternative indicators
DTM
Economic
Social
Human happiness index - How many people in every 100 are reported 'happy'
Life expectancy, poverty rate, inequality rate, educational attainment, employment rate
Human development index - Takes into account composite indicators such as life expectancy and provides a basis for measuring social development
GDP - The gross domestic product is the total value of all the goods and services produced within a country's border
GDP per capita - The gross domestic product per capita is the average wage of an employed person within a countr
GNP - The gross national product is the total value of all the goods and services produced by a country within its border and internationally
Stage 3 - Drop in birth rate due to a drop in child mortality rates which reduces the insurance aspect on children. Also due to older marriage and increased availability of contraception.
Stage 4 - Birth and death rates low due to good healthcare and lifestyles, little increase in population, increased life expectancy.
Stage 2 - Dramatic drop in death rate due to medical advancements and sanitation improvements causing a huge increase in population.
Stage 5 - Birth rate decreases to less than the death rate because of the rising costs of raising children, resulting in population decrease.
Stage 1 - Birth and death rates very high and fluctuating. High death rate due to poor healthcare and living conditions, high birth rate due to young marriage, lack of education and tradition.
Model
Industries
Development
Background
Milenium Development Goals
The secondary sector increases and then remains at a constant (around 30%)
The tertiary sector begins low and becomes the biggest sector (55%)
The primary industry begins high and slowly declines with time
The quaternary sector is non-existent until the late stages of country development
Tertiary - Providing a service to people
Quaternary - Involved in research and development
Secondary - Processing natural materials
Primary - Extracting raw materials from the earth
GNI - The gross national income is the overall wealth of a country
The demographic transition model plots population increase from the birth rate and death rate of a country to categorise it into one of 5 stages
Factors
Physical
Natural disasters - Hinder economic and social development
EDCs
LIDCs
ACs
Advanced countries are in the 4th and 5th stages of the DTM with the main job sectors being tertiary and quaternary
Emerging developing countries are in stage 3 of the DTM with a thriving secondary sector and a growing tertiary sector
Lower income developing countries are in stages 1 and 2 of the DTM and often rely on a single primary industry such as agriculture
Human
Political stability / corruption - less money to the country and people
Colonialism - exploitation of resources or people
Conflict - decreases life expectancy and worsens living conditions
Natural resources - Allow for development or exploitation
Location - Climate can have an effect on farming yields and also if landlocked there is less trade opportunity
It is landlocked and borders 5 other countries
The country suffers from periodic drought and famine
Ethiopia is an LIDC in stage 2 of the Rostow Model (pre-conditions for take-off)
HDI - 0.435 (165th worldwide)
Affecting factors
Physical
Human
Was never completely colonised by European powers
Political - recent investments from China (transport) and the US (agriculture)
Climate - Very warm with unpredictable rainfall affecting agriculture and water supply
Landlocked - less access to trade
The west of Ethiopia is mountainous, volcanic and inaccessible
GDP per capita - $505
Life expectancy - 63
Millennium Development Goals
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Achieve universal primary education
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Global partnership for development
Population - 94 million (2nd largest in Africa)
80% of the population work in agriculture (89% work in the primary sector)
- Very few women attend secondary schools or follow careers
- primary school enrolment has increased from 50% in 1990 to 96%
- 30% of the population live in poverty and 40% of children are malnourished
Trade & Aid
Aid
International trade
In 2015 Ethiopia exported 5.4 billion worth of products
Charities
46% of Ethiopia's GNI comes from agricultural exports
TNCs
Benefits
Negatives
They can exploit low wages and bad working conditions
Transnational corporations provide employment for people
Little chance for promotion / salary raise due to more western people being employed for managing jobs
The government benefits from export taxes
Benefits
Negatives
Disempowering
Not sustainable
Help to reduce poverty
Help to reach the millennium development goals
Top down
Bottom up
Low cost schemes, usually funded by charities, small scale / local
High cost schemes, funded by nations / corporations, large scale / national
Hydroelectric power plants (funded by China), provide cheap electricity promoting industrial development. Farmland has been flooded and people forcefully relocated
Farm Africa works in rural villages to breed animals for farming, takes a long time to set off
- Infant mortality has over halved from 97 out of 1000 (1990) to 45 of 1000
Rostow's model
Take off
Preconditions for take off
Drive to maturity
Traditional society
High mass consumption