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International Norm Dynamics and Political Change - Coggle Diagram
International Norm Dynamics and Political Change
Regreso a las Normas
Turn away
Began with the behavioral revolution and its enthuasisms for measurement
Methodological reasons
Normative and ideational phenomena difficult to measure
Important contributions
Forced scholars to think more rigorously about issues of research design, theoretical clarity, disciplinary cumulation, and parsimony.
Conceptual precision is essential for both meaningful theoretical debate and defensible empirical work.
Economists
Utility maximization
Interes revived
1980's regime project
Constructivists
John Ruggie, Friedrich Kratowil, Alexander Wendt, etc.
Terminos
Norm
General Agreement
Standard of appropiate behaviour for actors with a given identity.
Difference sociological sense
Aggregation
The norm definition isolates single standars of behavior, whereas institutions emphazise the way in which behavioral rules afre structered together and interrelate.
Categories
Regulative norms, order and constrain behaviour and constitutive norms (create new actors, interests, or categories of action
Evaluative or prescriptive norms
Recognize it
Because norms by definition embody a quality of oughtness and shared moral assesment, norms prompt justifications for action and leave an extensive trail of communication among actors that we can study
Only inderect evidence
How many actors
Varying strengths with different norms commanding different leves of agreement
Institutions
March and Olsen
A relatively stable collection of practices and rules defining appropriate behavior for specic groups of actors in specic situations.
Appropiate
We only know what it is by reference to the judgements of a community or a society
No bad norms from the vantage point of those who promote the norm
Domestic vs International Norms
Many Int began as domestic
Int must always work their influence through the filter of domestic structures and domestic norms
Two level norm game
Domestic and International norm tables are increasingly linked
Domestic strongest at the early stage of a norm's life cycle
Stability vs Change
Norms channel and regularize behaviour, they can often limit the range of choice and constrain actions
In an ideational international structure
Idea shifts and norm shifts are the main vehicules for system transformation
Norm changes are to the ideational theorist what changes in the balance of power are to the realist
Evolution and Influence of Norms
Life Cycle
Three stage process
Norm acceptance
Internalization
Norm emergence
Divided by a threshold or tipping point
Change each stage is characterized by different actors, motives, and mecanisms of influence
Emergence / Origins
Characteristic mechanism
Persuasion by norm entrepeneurs
Convince a critical maas of states (norm leaders) to embrace new norms
Elements succesful creation of most new norms
Norm entrepeneurs
Actively built by agents having strong notions about appropiate or desirable behaviour
Other names
Transnational moral entrepeneurs who engage in moral proselytism
Ethan Nadelmann
Meaning managers or meaning architects
Lessig
Call attention to issues or create issues by uisng lenguage that names, interprets, and dramatizes them
Reinterpretation or renaming process
Framing
New norms
Never enter a normative vacuum but instead emerge in a highly contested normative space where they must compete whith other norms and perceptions of interest
Inappropiate
Efferts to promote a new norm take place within the standars of appropiateness defined by prior norms
To challenge existing logics of appropiateness, activists may need to be explicitly inappropiate
Deliberal inappropiate acts can be powerful tools for norm entrepeneurs seeking to send a message and frame an issue
Motivation
Varies with norm and entrepeneur
Difficult to explain it withour reference to emphaty, altruism, and ideational commitment
Organizational platforms
From which entrepeneurs act
From and thorugh which they promote their norms
Often entrepeneurs work from standing IO that have purposes and agendas other than simply promotig one specific norm
Use of expertise and information to change the bahaviour of other actors
Organizational network provides is information and access to important audiences for that information, especially media and decision makers
Need to secure the support of state actors to endorse their norms and make norms socialization a part of their agenda
Different kind of tools
They must take what is seen as natural or appropiate and convert it into something perceived as wrong or inappropiate
For an emergent norm to reach a threshold and move toward the second stage, it must become institutionalized in specific sets of international rules and organizations
Tipping or Threshold Points
When norm entrepeneurs have persuaded a critical mass of states to become norm leaders and adopt new norms
Rarely occurs before 1/3 of the total states in the system
It matter which states adopt the norm
Critical States
Vary form issue to issue
Those without which the achievement of the substantive norm goal is compromised
May also be critical because they have a certain moral stature
Acceptance
Characterized
Imitation as the norm leaders attempt to socialize others to become norm followers
Combination of pressure for conformity, desire to enchance international legitimation, and the desire of state leaders to enchance their self esteem
Norm cascade
Tipping point
Up to it, little normative change occurs without significant domestic movements supporting change
After it, different dynamic begins
More countries adopt new norms more rapidly even without domestic pressure for such change
Contagion
Too passive
International and transnational norm influences become more important than domestic politics for effecting norm change
Primary mechanism for norm cascade
Active process od international socialization intended to induce norm breakers to become norm followers
Way
Praise
Ridicule
Emulation
Agents
States
Networks of norm entrepeneurs
Pressuring actors to adopt new policies and laws, and to ratify treaties and by monotoring compliance with international standards
International Organizations
States comply for reasons relating their identities as members of an international society
James Fearon:
One's identity is as a member of a particular social category, and part of the definition of that category is that all members follow certain norms
Peer pressure
Possible motivations
Legitimation
States care about
International
Essential contributor to perceptions of domestic legitimacy held by a state's own citizens
Domestic
Promotes compliances with government rules and laws; ruling by force alone is almost impossible
Conformity
Robert Axelrod
Social proof
States comply with norms to demonstrate that they have adapted to the social environment that they belong
2 more items...
Esteem
Suggests that leaders of states sometimes follow norms because they want others to think well of them, and they want to think well of themeselves
Involve evaluative relationshios between states and their state peers
State leaders conform to norms in order to avoid the disapproval aroused by norm violation and thus to enchance national esteem (and, as a result, their own self esteem)
Norm entrepeneurs provide the information and publicity that provoke cognitive dissonance among norm violators
Internalization
Taken for granted quaility
Not a matter of broad public debate
Powerful because behaviour according to the norm is not questioned
Hard to discern because actors do not seriously consider or discuss wether to conform
Professions
Serve as powerful and pervasive agents working to internalize norms among their members
Transfer technical knowledge
Actively socializes people to value certain things above others
Important mechanism
Iterated behaviour and habit
Routes to normative change may be similarly indirect and evolutionary
Procedural changes that create new political processes can lead to gradual and inadvertent normative, ideational, and political convergence