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THE ENVIROMENTAL DIMENSION - Coggle Diagram
THE ENVIROMENTAL DIMENSION
The Natural
Environment
IMPACT
Natural resources
Over-exploitation of biological resources (overfishing)
Depletion of mineral resources for construction materials
Pollution
Air pollution caused by vehicles
Water contamination from sewage discharges, oil / oil spills
Noise pollution from tourism and sports
Erosion
Damage to geological features
Landslides
Visual impact
Litter
Sewage
Facilities (buildings, car parks)
Floral and fauna species composition
Migration of animals
Shift in nature due to clearing or tourist facilities
Killing animal trough hunting for food supply and souvenir
Component
River and Lakes
Caves
Seas
Beaches
Mountain areas
Natural Woodland
The Built
Environment
Component
• individual buildings and structures
• villages and townscapes
• transport infrastructure, e.g. roads and airports
• dams and reservoirs
Impact
Urban form
Change in character of built area through urban expansion or redevelopment
Change in residential, retail or industrial land uses (e.g. move from private horncs to hotels/boarding houses)
Changes to the urban fabric (e.g. roads, pavements, street furniture)
Emergence of contrasts between urban areas developed for the tourist population and those for the host population
infrastructure
Overload of infrastructure (e.g. roads, railways, car parking, electricity grid, communications systems, waste disposal, buildings, water supply)
Provision of new infrastructure or upgrading of existing infrastructure
Environmental management to adapt areas for tourist use (e.g, sea walls, land reclamation)
Visual impact
Growth of the built-up area
New architectural styles
Litter
Beautification
Pollution
Air pollution from non-tourist sources causing damage to built assets
Air pollution from tourists and tourist traffic
Erosion
Damage to built assets from feet and vehicular traffic (including vibration effects)
Restoration
Restoration and preservation of historic buildings and sites
Restoration of derelict buildings as second homes
Re-use of disused buildings
Level of build enviroment
individual buildings and structures
Individual buildings and structures, particularly accommodation establishments and visitor attractions.
Hotels, Resort.
Individual historic buildings which are major attractions for tourists
Taj Mahal in Agra
Tourism infrastructure,
Airports., Museum
small-scale settlements such as villages
Modern purpose-built tourist resorts
Ayia Napa and Protaras in Cyprus
The conversion of old buildings or areas which were not built for the purpose of tourism
old dock-lands of New York, San Francisco and Liverpool
Paradores in Spain.
Gaudi's 'cathedral' in Barcelona
large-scale settlements, e.g. towns and cities.
modern architecture
Antigone, Montpellier
Historic townscapes which have been conserved in their entirety.
Colonial Williamsburg , USA.
Cotswolds, United Kingdom
Tuscany and Venice, Italy
Wildlife
Component
• land-based mammals
reptiles
• birds
• insects
• fish and marine mammals
Dimension
Visitor attractions
zoos, wildlife and aquaria,
Traditional events which tourists are invited to attend which involve wildlife
bullfighting in Spain
Marine life which attracts tourists to take trips on the sea to view it
the whales of New England, Iceland and New Zealand
Tourism which is based on hunting wildlife
Bear,deer or duck hunting, fishing trips
Areas where wildlife is a major attraction for tourists
the bird life of the Danube Delta, or Ireland and Cyprus
unusual creatures such as the giant tortoises, Galapagos Islands
the big 5 game of Kenya, Tanzania and Botswana
natural woodland and unusual flora,Amazon
The exploitation of animals to 'entertain' tourists
the 'dancing bears' of Turkey., Circus
Impact
the destruction of habitats
affecting feeding habits
• disrupting breeding patterns
• fires in woodlands
• people picking rare plants.
Benefit
giving it an economic value
provides a motivation for its conservation
THE FARMED ENVIRONMENT
Component
• agricultural landscapes
• man-made forests
• fish farms
Types of Agricultural Farm
traditional mixed firming
wine, citrus fruits and olives being cultivated alongside the grazing of sheep and goats in the Mediterranean region
monoculture' cash crops
the vines of the Herault area of France, and bananas of some Caribbean islands
intensive crop-rearing
grain-growing areas of eastern England, rice fields of South-East Asia
nomadic communities of people engaged in livestock-raising
Maasai people in Africa
areas where timber is farmed
northern Scandinavia, South-East Asia
Impact
• new tourism developments eat. up farm-land and use water that is required for agriculture
• the jobs offered in tourism may tempt young people to give up farming.
tourists can trample crops, or light fires in woodland that get out of control
Benefit
Tourist spending on farm-based accommodation
provide extra revenue
social benefits for farmers
Natural
Resources
Component
Pure water
Clean air and climate
Climate and cland
Impact
Building on land
destroying the vegetation and disrupting the wildlife which was previously found on the site.
Divert water from the local community
To fill the swimming pool, take a shower and irrigate the golf course.
Pollute the sea
sewage and fuel from the boats in the marina
DANGER OF CONSERVATION
Cause of Conservation
the destruction of the environment caused by large-scale tourism has often stimulated demands for conservation
there will be a lot of vandalism toward the area due to erosion and looting
the natural environment are damage due to lot of tourist at certain area
the recognition that the environment is a major attraction of tourists has given an economic motivation for conservation
many conservation projects are wholly or partly funded by income from tourism
tourist area that lack of tourist will have less fund to conserve their area
The tendency to believe that everything old is worthy of conserving or 'saving' or 'preserving'
This can lead to us spreading resources too thinly to be effective as we try to conserve every-thing
Sometimes we place the conservation of wildlife or landscapes above the welfare of humans, particularly those who lack political power
walfare of the indigenous people
lack of job oppurtunity
The apparent obsession with conserving all old. buildings means there is a danger that new building styles will not be developed or valued
If imaginative modern architecture is not encouraged to develop, what will people in the future choose to conserve as symbols of our age
Tastes and preferences change over time so the next generation may not appreciate the results of today's efforts to preserve life styles and environments
Younger generation will assume that old and current building is lack of style and not futuristic
Towards a More Sustainable Relationship between Tourism and the Environment
Keeping a Sense of Proportion
We need to ensure that our level of concern and intervention is proportionate to the size of the issue. There is no point in taking draconian, costly steps to fix an issue that is not very serious. For example, slight erosion of the footpath is not a big enough issue to warrant widespread closure of the footpaths and/or costly visitor management techniques.
Paying a Price that Covers the Environmental
Costs of Tourism
Tourism produces environmental problems that cost money to fix or address. The prices paid by the company for the facilities and the purchase from tourists for their holidays must be sufficient to ensure that money is able to compensate for the environmental costs of tourism.
Encouraging Good Practice
It is more pro-active and positive to encour-age good practice rather than merely preventing bad practice. In relation to the built environment this could mean, for example, ensuring that all new development is
built on an appropriate site, in terms of the existence of on-site services and infrastructure
suitable scale for the site and locality
constructed of recycled and locally
sourced materials, wherever possible
designed to be energy-efficient
developed in a way that minimizes the use of resources like water, and the disruption of wildlife habitats.
Regulation of the Negative Impacts
There is a strong need for legislation and a framework of land-use planning and building control to reduce the detrimental effect of tourism on the area. However we must realise that while regulation can help deter negative outcomes, it can do little to stimulate positive outcomes.
Raising Awareness amongst Tourists and the
Industry
Better awareness on the part of industry and visitors will help to reduce some of the negative environmental aspects of tourism.
Holistic Thinking: the Concept of Ecosystems
In tourism, we always think of the world in terms of self-contained compartments, such as animals, rainforests or mountains. However, interrelationships between the physical world and organisms of flora and fauna and human beings are one such phenomenon. In order to manage the relation between tourism and the environment more effectively, we need to understand this definition of 'ecosystems' and prepare accordingly.
Maintaining a Balance Between Conservation
and Development
We need to find a balance between conserving the environment as it is today and the development which is needed to provide jobs and social benefits.
Aspects of the Environment:
Some General Comments
Encourage governments to protect the natural environment and biodiversity because of its importance as a tourist resource. Without this incentive, especially in developing countries, industrial and residential development may cause even more damage to the environment and wildlife.
Raise tourist awareness of environmental issues and lead them to campaign for environmental protection based on what they have learned while on holiday
Keep farms viable by providing a crucial extra income for farmers, thereby preventing the 'desertification' of farmed rural landscapes
Create alternative uses for abandoned buildings in towns and cities through the construction of new tourist attractions.
