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Option E: Leisure, Tourism and Sport, Tourism and sport at the…

- - - - Environmental carrying capacity: the maximum number before the local environment becomes damaged
      - Perceptual carrying capacity: before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact.
  - - - the income that is available to a person after taxation. disposable income has increased, thereby allowing people to save a significant percentage of that income for leisure or tourism
    - - Easier and possible to reach the tourist destinations
      - Cheaper cost of transportation
      - More leisure time for most workers
- - - - Develop employment such as tour guides
      - They increase government revenue received through things like profit tax
      - The TNCs introduce foreign direct investment
      - It helps to boost the country’s foreign exchange reserve thus help to stabilize the country’s currency against international currencies.
      - It helps to make the country popular.
      - TNCs help to advertise tourism.
      - TNCs help to develop the skills of the local people by giving training
    - - Disadvantages
      - Usually some people will be unable to afford what the TNC is providing.
      - TNCs increase the cost of living.
      - Land prices become expensive.
      - Leads to environmental pollution – Noise pollution, visual pollution, water pollution
      - The profits are usually repatriated.
      - The people work under poor working conditions.
      - Sometimes they disrespect the local culture of the people.
  - - - Greater variety of goods and services at their disposal
      - There is an increase in the number of available jobs.
      - TNCs would compete with local companies and may put them out of business.
    - - More job opportunities.
      - TNCs would provide other perks like subsidized healthcare, holidays etc.
      - In LICs, the TNCs may provide training services for employees.
      - The working conditions may not be favourable
      - High paying jobs does not go to local employees
      - Technology use may render some employees redundant
      - Government
    - - TNCs help to make tourism accessible to tourist and expand tourist sites
      - TNCs can invest in infrastructure to attract tourists
      - The presence TNCs attract tourists from home countries and elsewhere.
      - Activities of TNCs can affect the natural beauty of tourist sites.
    - - Would get more revenue from tax.
      - Would reduce the unemployed benefits that the government would have to provide.
      - TNCs take the profit back to their home country.
      - Large TNCs can control the government in LICs
    - - TNCs serve as motivation for the competitors to improve the quality of their goods or services.
      - The TNCs may expose the industry and increase the demand for the good or service.
      - TNCs may take competitors out of business.
      - TNCs reduce the number of customers coming to the local business.
  - - - Increases the GDP of a country directly and indirectly through the ‘multiplier’ effect.
      - Taxes increase government revenue
      - Increase the foreign exchange earnings of a country
      - Creates employment for the local people.
      - Attracts foreign investments.
      - Creates employment for the local people. : :
- - - - Environmental/physical carrying capacity-The limit of a site beyond which wear and tear will start taking place or environmental problems will arise
      - Perceptual / Psychological carrying capacity –The lowest degree of enjoyment tourists are prepared to accept before they start seeking alternative destinations.
      - Economic carrying capacity –The ability of a tourist site to absorb tourism activities without displacing or disrupting desirable local activities.
      - Social carrying capacity –The level of tolerance of the host population for the presence and behavior of tourists in the destination area, and/or the degree of crowding users (tourists) are prepared to accept by others (other tourists).
      - Factors affecting carrying capacity in a tourist destination
        
        the level of tourism development and infrastructure
        
        The level of organization of the destinations management.
        
        Existing level of exposure of cultures and communities to outside influences and lifestyles
        
        Level of economic divergence and dependency upon tourism
        
        The level of employment and poverty
    - - Location: Norther Italy. Venetian transportation is by canals and boats, either walking or using some means of water transport.
      - Venice tourist number and population: Has a population of about 60,000 people. It experiences about 50,000 days trippers daily. Annually it has 20 million tourists
      - Facilities that support and accommodate tourists. Hotels, restaurants. Tourists come to Venice manily for primary attractions
      - Socio-Political conflicts between locals and tourists
        
        Loss of local culture due to tourist culture: People only go to Venice for the purposes of tourism not to actually visit the city. Day trippers visit the St. Marks square and Basilica. They don’t actually experience all that Venice has to offer..
        
        View Large cruise ships as a pest: Locals say this blocks the city’s natural beauty and protested against this.
        
        Severe congestion and overcrowding (People): Venice is a small city with very little access within it. Mass tourism has caused roads, canals, and pavements to be congested.
        
        Tourists disrespect historical and heritage sites: Italians are devout Catholics. Seeing tourists sitting or lying down in the entrance to the St Marks Basilica, does not show respect to the local culture or to God.
        
        Congestion and overcrowding (Roads): Although there are a few roads in Venice, buses and coaches still arrive carrying large numbers of tourists. This causes traffic and delays for locals who have to go to work.
        
        Tourist Pigeon culture: Tourists are notorious for feeding pigeons around the St Marks square. This has encouraged a lot of pigeons to visit the square. Unfortunately, their acidic droppings is damaging the brickwork and marble. They also peck at nooks and crevices on buildings, thereby destroying the architectural and cultural heritage of the city.
      - Economic problems
        
        Inflation: the average price for rent has increased by so much that there has been a lot of out migration from the city
        
        Economic problems: Local services are being overpriced: Services offered to locals like postal service, medical surgeries etc are becoming more expensive
      - Environmental problems
        
        Littering and pollution: Tourists litter all over the city. The architectural design of Venice causes tourists to walk long distances. As a result of thirst, they carry plastic water bottles and litter the city. This can enter the canals and become an eye sore.
      - Possible management strategies to increase site resilience or carrying capacity of Venice
        
        Venice is proposing a ban on day-trippers, because they exceed the carrying capacity of the city and don’t contribute much economically to the city either. Thus, helping to reduce congestion.
        
        Venice cruise ship size limit: Since 2014 the number of cruise ships was cut by 20% and ships of more than 96,000 tonnes were banned from the city center. Large cruise ships are only allowed to enter Venice through the West end, therefore they don’t block the view of the city center and the city’s beauty can still be admired by all.
        
        To reduce congestion on roads and canals during peak seasons there transport routes will become one ways.
        
        Stiff fines are imposed on revellers who ignore the rules. On-the-spot fines of 25 euros (£17) could rise to 500 euros (£340) for those who fail to pay up. Sitting or lying down in front of cathedrals in prohibited. To implement this, a fine of $56 is charge to all who break the rule in areas around Florence’s cathedral, the Duomo, and the Basilica of St Mark in St Mark’s.
        
        The lagoon city banned vendors who sold grain to tourists wanting to feed the birds.
        
        The government is trying to build more affordable housing so locals can still afford to live in Venice.
        
        Suggesting the compulsory need for tourists to have a Venetian hotel reservation. This will generate more revenue per person and will also help to reduce congestion. Additionally, this will help revive the city because tourists will actually explore the whole city and not just St Marks Square and the Basilica.