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Ecology of Peer Group - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Secure attachment
        
        responsive to others
        
        secure to explore
        
        leaders
        
        proactive engagement
      - Insecure attachment
        
        avoid peer relationships
        
        expect rejection
        
        withdrawal
        
        aggression
    - - Clique - mutually connected friends
      - Crowd - loosely organized reference groups of cliques
  - - - Parents: future-oriented decisions & moral issues
      - Peers: present-oriented decisions & appearance
    - - Authoritative
        
        little need to rebel
        
        seek friends who share values
        
        no negative peer influence
      - Authoritarian
        
        turn to peers for understanding & acceptance
        
        alienate from parents
        
        at risk of negative peer influence
      - Permissive
        
        unpopular
        
        antisocial friends
        
        negative peer influence
        
        structure & support from peers not parents
- - - - passive response to bullies reinforces aggression
      - active response redirects aggression away
  - - - how to perform new skill
      - how to behave in a new situation
      - learn consequences of behavior
    - - Situation: active behavior more likely to be imitated
      - Model: similar? admirable?
      - Observer: cognitive & physical ability
- - - - basic trust vs. mistrust
      - autonomy vs. shame & doubt
      - initiative vs. guilt
      - industry vs. inferiority
- - - - heteronomous morality
      - behavior based on respect for authority
      - to obey authority is good
      - fostered in adult-dominated situations
    - - autonomous morality
      - based on mutual understanding
      - rules necessary for group life
      - fostered by peer group participation
  - - - parents: attitudes about sex, love, marriage
      - Schools: information on health related topics
      - Peers: love, sex, petting, etc...
      - media: excitement w/o consequences
- - - - Imitative play
      - Exploratory play
      - Testing play
      - Model-building play
    - - Solitary
        
        infants & toddlers
        
        focus on activity, not others
      - Onlooker
        
        may initiate conversation, no engagement
        
        two-year-olds
        
        watches others play
      - Parallel
        
        2 to 3-year-olds
        
        plays alone
        
        mimics others, or plays with similar toys
      - Associative
        
        4-year-olds
        
        plays w/others
        
        more interested in associating w/ others than the task at hand
      - Cooperative
        
        4 to 5-year-olds
        
        activity is organized
        
        group has a purpose
  - - - 6-8 months: look at & touch others
      - 9-13 months: sometimes fight
      - 2nd year: imitate, positive interaction, responsiveness
    - - playing in groups
      - arranged by adults
      - before 3: cannot empathize
    - - unsupervised
      - informal groups
      - hanging around
      - group games
        
        cognitively influenced
        
        psychologically influenced
        
        socioculturally influenced
    - - hanging out
      - lots of time on appearance
      - connecting w/ friends via cell phones & computers
- - - - Queen bees
      - Wannabes
      - hierarchical structure
    - - picking on outsiders
      - in-group subjugation
      - disfavor
      - expulsion
- - - - clubs
      - teams
      - scouts
      - church groups
    - - behavioral expectations
      - structure
      - values imparted
  - - - between-group = cohesiveness within group
      - within group = stratification
    - - within group = group cohesion
      - between group fostered by overriding goals
  - - - aggressive
      - submissive
      - discontented
      - competitive
    - - high-morale
      - cooperative
      - cohesive
      - self-supporting
    - - disorganized
      - frustrated
      - non-supporting
      - fragmented
  - - - healthy
      - leadership skills
      - loyalty
      - competitiveness
      - give & take
      - talent development
- - - - children list who they like /don't like
      - highlights likeability
      - identified as popular: non-agressive
    - - children rate popularity of self & others
      - highlights social centrality
      - identified as popular: aggressive
  - - - social
      - emotional
      - language
      - physical
    - - model
      - participate
      - cooperate
      - communicate
      - validate & support
- - - - lack of support & socialization
      - highly permissive
      - highly punitive
    - - defiant
      - resentful
      - ambivalent to authority
      - impulsive
      - lack self-control
    - - poor grades
      - poor schools
      - limited activities
    - - provide socialization & support
      - reinforcing antisocial behaviors
    - - low activities
      - limited recreation
      - few jobs
  - - - one culture per gang
      - identity, support
    - - poor families
      - dense population
      - resource competition
    - - minimal supervision
      - gang lineage
    - - victim mentality
      - society at fault