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Origins of Management - Coggle Diagram
Origins of Management
History
Egypt: 4000 BCE
Building pyramids
Planning
Organizing
Decisions
Sumeria 5000 BCE
Written records
Hammurabi 1800 BCE
Controls
Use of witnesses
Nebuchadnezzar 600
BCE
Wage incentives
Production control
Sun Tzu 500 BCE
Strategy
Identify weakenesses
Xenophon 400 BCE
Management as separate art
Cyrus 400 BCE
Human relations
Motion study
Diocletian 284
Delegation of authority
Al-Farabi 900
Leadership traits
Ghazali 1100
Managerial traits
Barbarigo 1418
Organizational forms
Organizational structures
Venetians 1436
Numbering
Standardization
Interchangeability of parts
Sir Thomas More 1500
Critique of management
Machiavelli 1525
Cohesiveness
Power
Leadership organizations
Cato 175
Job descriptions
Operations Management
Managing daily production of goods and services
increased production
Improve quality
Manage inventory
Quality control
Forecasting techniques
Capacity planning
Productivity measurement
Project managment
Cost-benefit analysis
Motion Studies
Frank Gilbreth
Died 1924
Lillian Gilbreth
First woman to earn PhD in industrial psychology
First woman to join Society of Industrial Engineers
First woman to join American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Simplify work
Improve productivity
Break tasks into separate motions
Bureaucratic Management
Max Weber
German Sociologist
Principals
Fairness
Efficiency
Rules
Procedures
Lead by
Knowledge
Expertise
Experience
Elements
Qualification-based hiring
Merit-based promotion
Chain of command
Division of labor
Impartial application of rules and labor
Recorded in writing
Separation of management and owners
Contingency Management
No universal management theories
Best way depends on the situation
Scientific Management
Frederick W. Taylor: Creator
Midvale Steel Company
Struggled to keep workers on task
Workers limited output
Workers broke machines to resist
New hires were pressured to limit work as well
Principals of Scientific Management
Develop a science for each element of work
Scientifically select
Train
Teach
Develop
Cooperate with workers
Equal division
Work
Responsibility
Administrative Management
Henri Fayol
Principals of Management
Division of work
Authority and responsibility
Discipline
Unity of command
Unity of direction
Subordination of individual interests to general interests
Remuneration
Centrilization
Scalar chain
Order
Equity
Stability of tenure of personnel
Initiative
Esprit de corps
Constructive Conflict and Coordination
Mary Parker Follett
Mother of managment
Social worker
Degree in political science
Believes in integration
Believes in "with" rather than "over"
Hawthorne Studies
Elton Mayo
Western Electric Company
Wrote book: The Human Problems of an Industrial Civlization
Hawthorne Studies
Studied the effect of lighting levels
Financial incentives
Work breaks
Social units
Sense of participation
Management pays attention to workers
Cooperation and Acceptance of Authority
Chester Barnard
Engineer
Translator
Worked for AT&T
Wrote book: The Functions of the Executive
Beliefs on orders
Need to be understood
consistent with the purpose of the organization
Compatible with personal interests
Can be carried out
Information Managment
Information efficiency
Speed
Reduced cost
Storage
Retrieval
Technologies
Printing press
Typewriters
Telephone
Internet