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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder, David Towell - Coggle Diagram
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
Causes
Long-term tobacco smoking
Exposure to other inhaled irritants such as secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dust
Around 1% of COPD cases are caused by a genetic disorder that reduces levels of Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAt), a protein that helps protect the lungs.
Pathophysiology
In COPD, the reduction of airflow is progressive (emphysema) and is also associated with inappropriate inflammatory responses to gases or particles.
Chronic bronchitis is long-term inflammation of the bronchi.
As a result of chronic inflammation, the vessels change and the airways become narrowed.
Enlarged submucosal glands lead to an overproduction of mucus in the lungs.
Causes scar formation and narrows the lumen.
Emphysema is a disease that results in irreversible enlargement of the alveoli sacs.
Leads to a decrease in surface area available for gas exhcange.
Loss of fibers in the alveolar walls causes a decrease in elastic recoil, restricting airflow.
Complications
Respiratory infections
Heart problems
Lung cancer
Pulmonary hypertension
Depression
Assessments Needed
COPD signs and symptoms with their severity
Patient knowledge of disease
Past and current medical history
Vital signs
Exposure to risk factors
Treatments
Lifestyle changes
Quitting smoking
Avoid secondhand smoke and other harmful environmental toxins
Oxygen therapy
Oxygen-delivery devices that the patient takes home, self-administers therapy.
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Programs include a combination of counseling, education, exercise training, and nutritional advice.
Medications
Short-Acting Bronchodilators
Albuterol
Levalbuterol
Ipratropium
Long-Acting Bronchodilators
Aclidinium
Arformoterol
Inhaled Steroids
Fluticasone
Budesonide
Labs/X-rays Needed
Arterial blood gas - Measures the acidity and amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide and in the blood.
Spirometry - Measures lung capacity and how easily and fast you can blow the air out of your lungs
CT scan - can help detect emphysema
Chest X-ray - can show emphysema
Pulse oximetry - Measures the amount of oxygen in the lungs.
David Towell