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POPULATION GENETICS
W1-W6, POPULATION GENETICS
W7-W8, HW CASES,…
POPULATION GENETICS
W1-W6
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EPS
What is?
how GD change allele frequency
number of individual in ideal population that have the same GD value as GD in actual population.
factors influenced
↓ 1) variation in population size
↓ 2) unequal males & females
3)age structure
4)family size in skewed distribution
VARIATION
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types
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discontinuose blood type, tougue rolling
influence by
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environmental factor like habitat, diet, climate
POLYMORPHISM
if there is more allele located on locus at a gene. at least more than 1% have the polymorphism if less is considered mutation
HW
- HW in 2 and multiple allele
- calculate freq, estimate from sexes, haploid-diploid organism
- measure of variation
Hardy-Weinberg
freq remain constant throuout generation if population in equilibrium.
if G1 has 5 A, G2 also 5 A
(5 conditions)
- Big n size
- RM
- no Mutation
- No GF
- no NS
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RM: @ panximia every person same chance to mate. so individuals dont choose mate, dont choose special characteristics. in assortive mating, few heterozygous will be.
no M: so no allele frequency changes, no new allele introduced
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no NS: no allele are selected. if do, that allele will be more common which lead to fixation.
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STAGES for HW Equilibrium to be true:
1) Parents Gene frequency [segregation normal]
2)ZYGOTE genotype freq
3) PROGENY genotype freq
4) PROGENY Gene freq
CALCULATE FREQ
DIPLOID
allele p + q = 1.0 {proportion all alles in population}
p = AA + (1/2)(Aa)
genotype p2 = AA 2pq = Aa q2 = aa
{proportion of individuals in population}
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W ; FITNESS
1) selection impact equilibrium
2)it impact fitness
3) types of selection: hetero etc
4) dom , hetero adv , hetero disadv
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POPULATION GENETICS
W7-W8
W8 INBREEDING
Forum
HUMANS
123 consanguineous marriages were revealed from data of 1930 matings of Garia population in India. the article revealed the inbreeding coefficient of 0.0064 ± 0.001 based on consanguineous matings. the inbreeding result in the female having low reproductive performance, 4.80 compare to non-consanguineous matings where it is 5.40 per mother. the Pre-reproductive deaths among live births were also found to be high (0.46 percent) from unions of consanguineous spouses. [1]ANIMALS Norwegian Lundehund dog were threatened by severe inbreeding. the remaining Lundehund world-wide today appear to descend from only two individuals after underwent severe bottlenecks. disease such as gastrointestinal disease are common in their population to which all the remaining dogs may be predisposed. thus, the article discussed about rescuing their population by outcrossing the individuals with multiple breeds [1]PLANTS
Barley pedigree figure above shows how individuals are related to one another. as a result, Harrington Barley lack of leaf disease resistance and susceptible to stem rust, net blotch and root rot .
plant breeder need to be careful so that disease resistance, yield and commercial value can be maintained and improved. with pedigree structure breeders are able to make better decision on crossing the plants. [1]
DEF
- mating between close relatives that causes changes in genetic variances
- proportion reduction in heterozygosity relative to random mating
relationship
fitness
cause depletion in fitness because arise of delterious alleles
if F=1 , fitness decrease
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HW CASES
(2) multiple allele
∑𝐩𝐢𝟐
∑𝐩𝐢𝟐
A1 , A2 , A3 , ... An
homozygote AiAj = pᵢ2
heterozygote AiAj = 2pᵢpⱼ @ 1- ∑pi2
after ONE generation of RM ,
reaches equilibrium.
SHOWN BY...
2) Genotype RM
EX: blood group bcs each of 4 group is a combination of diff genotype
CALC start from recessive freq ; * P + Q + R = 1
1) Gametes RM (allele) Genes: A , a' , a their freq: p , q , r
//refer slide// ** Pᴬ = p
(1) 1 locus 2 Alelles
general eq yg we studied.
P=(p2 value) + (1/2)(2pq value)
BCS this is HW ;
A = p ; a = p
AA + 2Aa + aa ---- (p)(p) + 2(p)(q) + (q)(q) >>> progeny pop
➥ progeny pop depends on initial freq.
AFFECTING HW
(1) X-Linked
EWUILIBRIUM after many generation
because of sex-dependant in tranmission of x-linked gene. X of a male is same as mother
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