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REDES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Each address consists of a string of 32 bits, divided into four sections called octets.
        
        Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte) separated with a dot.
        
        Rule 1 – Omit Leading 0s
        
        01AB can be represented as 1AB
        
        09F0 can be represented as 9F0
        
        0A00 can be represented as A00
        
        00AB can be represented as AB
        
        Rule 2 – Omit All 0 Segments
        
        The second rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is that a double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting of all 0s.
        
        The double colon (::) can only be used once within an address, otherwise there would be more than one possible resulting address.
        
        When used with the omitting leading 0s technique, the notation of IPv6 address can often be greatly reduced.
        
        Incorrect address:
        2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234
- - - - RADIX: The first row identifies the number base or radix. The decimal rotation system is based on 10. therefore the radix is 10.
      - POSITION NUMBER: The 2nd row considers the position of the decimal number starting with, form right to the left 0(1st position), 1(2nd position), 2(3rd position=, 3(4th position). These number also represent the exponential value that will be used to calculate the positional value (4th row).
      - CALCULATE: the 3rd row calculate the positional value by tasking the radix and raising it tby the exponential value of its position
      - POSITIONAL VALUE: The first row identifies the number base or radix. Therefore the value listed, from left to right, represents units of thousands, hundreds, tens and ones.
- - - - Enter the 8-bit binary number under the positional value of row 1 and then calculate to produce the decimal number 192.
        
        Convert the third octet as shown iand the fourth octet which completes the IP address and produces 192.168.11.10.
- - - - If no, then enter binary 0 in the 128 positional value.
        
        If yes, then add a binary 1 in the 128 positional value and subtract 128 from the decimal number.
    - - If no, then add a binary 0 in the 64 positional value, otherwise add binary 1 and subtract 64 from the decimal.
    - - If no, then add a binary 0 in the 32 positional value, otherwise add binary 1 and subtract 32 from the decimal.
- - - - The bits within the network portion of the address must be identical for all devices that reside in the same network.
        
        The bits within the host portion of the address must be unique to identify a specific host within a network.
        
        If two hosts have the same bit-pattern in the specified network portion of the 32-bit stream, those two hosts will reside in the same network.
- - - - Anycast - An IPv6 anycast address is any IPv6 unicast address that can be assigned to multiple devices. A packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the nearest device having that address.
- - - - To identify the network address of an IPv4 host, the IPv4 address is logically ANDed, bit by bit, with the subnet mask.
        
        ANDing between the address and the subnet mask yields the network address.
- - - - Specifically, the prefix length is the number of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask.
      - It is written in “slash notation”, which is a “/” followed by the number of bits set to 1.
      - Therefore, count the number of bits in the subnet mask and prepend it with a slash.
      - Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
        
        Most IPv6 configuration and verification commands in the Cisco IOS are similar to their IPv4 counterparts. In many cases, the only difference is the use of ipv6 in place of ip within the commands
        
        The command to configure an IPv6 global unicast address on an interface is ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length.
        
        Notice that there is not a space between ipv6-address and prefix-length.
        
        Host Configuration
        Manually configuring the IPv6 address on a host is similar to configuring an IPv4 address.
        
        Just as with IPv4, configuring static addresses on clients does not scale to larger environments. For this reason, most network administrators in an IPv6 network will enable dynamic assignment of IPv6 addresses.
- - - - Therefore, these devices are assigned IPv4 addresses dynamically using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
        
        The host is a DHCP client and requests IPv4 address information from a DHCP server.
        
        The DHCP server provides an IPv4 address, subnet mask, default gateway, and other configuration information.
        
        Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address
        
        IPv6 global unicast addresses (GUA) are globally unique and routable on the IPv6 Internet. These addresses are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses.
        
        The Internet Committee for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the operator for IANA, allocates IPv6 address blocks to the five RIRs.
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Loopback addresses (127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254) – More commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1, these are special addresses used by a host to direct traffic to itself.
      - Link-Local addresses (169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254) – More commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses, they are used by a Windows DHCP client to self-configure in the event that there are no DHCP servers available.Useful in a peer-to-peer connection.
      - TEST-NET addresses (192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255) – These addresses are set aside for teaching and learning purposes and can be used in documentation and network examples.
- - - - CMPv4 and ICMPv6 will be discussed later in this chapter.
        
        IPv4 has a theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses. Private addresses in combination with Network Address Translation (NAT) have been instrumental in slowing the depletion of IPv4 address space.
- - - - ICMPv4 and ICMPv6
        
        Although IP is only a best-effort protocol, the TCP/IP suite does provide for messages to be sent in the event of certain errors. These messages are sent using the services of ICMP.
        
        The purpose of these messages is to provide feedback about issues related to the processing of IP packets under certain conditions, not to make IP reliable.
        
        ICMP is available for both IPv4 and IPv6. ICMPv4 is the messaging protocol for IPv4. ICMPv6 provides these same services for IPv6 but includes additional functionality.
        
        ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:
        
        Host confirmation
        
        Destination or Service Unreachable
        
        Time exceeded
        
        Route redirection