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Mental health - Coggle Diagram

- - - - does not conform to existing criteria for any DSM-IV diagnoses
      - increasingly common but largely nonexistent in Japan before WW2 and not found in any other cultures
      - ppl drop out from the social world entirely and keep themselves confined in a room for years
      - suggested cause
        
        failure to succeed in a social world that has only few options for those who don't fit in
        
        highlights the role of affordance
        
        disorder comes to existence because a culture provides the opportunities for it
      - literally translates to pulling inward
  - - - absent in most other cultures->confined to within Western influence
      - inapplicable to cultures with food constraints
      - uncontrollable binge eating followed by inappropriate measures to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting
    - - more prevalent in Western influence
        
        body image portrayal in media
        
        inapplicable to areas where starvation is a real threat to ppl's lives ->doesn't make sense to starve when there's food constraints
        
        huge increase in rates in the past few decades but not in other countries
      - Not anorexia
        
        have been instances of ppl voluntarily self-starve due to religion, rather than due to weight concerns
      - refusal to maintain normal body weight due to preoccupation with body-image concerns
  - - - Suggested cause
        
        having no acceptable means to express frustration
      - more common in Southeast Asia than other parts of world
      - sudden burst of extreme violence and homicidal attacks, preceded by episode of deep emotional thoughts, followed by exhaustions & amnesia
      - role of constraints (lack of frustration management)
        role of affordance (eg. greater accessibility to firearms in US)
- - - - has been a very rare disorder until book Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde was published-> spike in clinical cases of MPD
      - public interest slowly declined until a book The Three Faces of Eve was published causing a sudden spike again in clinical cases of MPD
      - psychological self is fragmented into diff incoherent alters
      - however, this book let the public know that MPD can involve more than 2 alters-> ever since, there have been more and more alters
      - shows how culture can influence the content (in this case, alters) and prevalence of mental disorders (MPD)
- - - - bet Euro-Americans & Asians
        
        asians more shy
        
        Asians perceive shyness as more positive & culturally normative
      - HOWEVER, asians are less likely to meet clinical criteria of social anxiety disorder
    - - western cultures embrace direct communication, extraversion, self-promotion
      - Asians more likely to accept shyness, anxious in front of people, avoid eye contact
      - paradox may be due to differences in what behaviours are considered culturally normative
      - because these bhvrs are more culturally appropriate in East asian cultures to begin with, they are less likely to translate into full-blown mental disorders
  - - - poor mood, inability to feel pleasure, fatigue, suicidal thoughts, feelings of worthlessness or guilt
      - criticism
        
        interdependent cultures
        
        emotional expression esp -ve, are discouraged in many contexts
        
        stigma of having mental disorder -> concealment
        
        emotional expressions are much more diffuse and ambivalent-> do not meet the criteria
        
        culturally inappropriate
        
        more culturally appropriate way for Asian communities is to express depression through the body rather than the mind
        
        heavily biased towards Western cultures
        
        focus on emotional states, expression of emotions & introspection
    - - but diff prevalence rates
        
        US(44%) vs China(1/5 of US's rates)
        
        possible reasons
        
        ppl in China are happier
        
        ppl in china are not happier but depression is expressed differently
        
        theory supporting 2nd reason
        
        psychologization
        
        symptoms are primarily mental in nature, such as depressed mood or negative, low-energy emotions
        
        somatization
        
        symptoms are primarily physiological in nature such as unexplainable headache or body pain, detectable by physiological measures
        
        there are diff manifestations of symptoms
- - - - self-discovery & self-potential ->being honest and be tough
      - cognitive biases->consistency in the self
      - self-expression
    - - need for self-consistency ->therapist encourage u to be more consistent even though you're supposed to be flexible in interdependent cultures
      - thinking styles
      - need for interpersonal harmony
      - emotional expression & experiences