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The power of the Kings of England - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the leadership of Simon de Monrforr wanted to overthrow the king. In 1258 they took over the government and elected a council of nobles. De Montfort called it a parliament. This "parliament" too k control of the treasury and forced Henry to get rid of his foreign advisers.
        
        1272 his son Edward - KING
        
        Edward I brought together the first real parliament. Simon de Monrforr's council had been called a parliament, but it included on ly nobles, It hall been able to make statutes, or written laws, and it had been able to make political decisions.
        
        He created a "representative institution" which could provide
        the money he needed. This institution became the House of Commons. it contained a mixture of "gentry" (knights and other wealthy freemen from the shires).
- - - - A new class grew up, a mixture of the Norman and Welsh rulers, who spoke Norman French and Welsh,They all became vassals of the English king
  - - - In 1284 Edward united west Wales with England. But he did not interfere with the areas the Normans had conquered earlier on the English-Welsh border, because this would have led to trouble with his nobles.
- - - - Since Saxon times, marriages had frequently taken place between the Scottish and English royal families. At the same time, in order to establish strong government, the Scottish kings offered land to Norman knights from England in return for their loyalty.
  - - - it was led by William Wallace, a Norman-Scottish knight. But after one victory against an English army, Wallace's "people's army" was itself destroyed by Edward in 1297.
      - Edward tried to make Scotland a part of England, as he had done with Wales. Some Scottish nobles accepted him, but the people refused to be ruled by the English king. Scottish nationalism was born on the day Wallace died.
      - A new leader took up the struggle. This was Robert Bruce, who had competed with John de Balliol for the throne. He was able to raise an army and defeat the English army in Scotland.
      - After his death his son, Edward 11, turned back to England . Bruce had time to defeat his Scottish enemies, and make himself accepted as king of the Scots. He then began to win back the castles still held by the English.
      - in 1320, the Scots clergy meeting at Arbroarh wrote to the pope in Rome to tell him that they would never accept English authority