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Cardio Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Coggle Diagram
Cardio Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Causes
Smoking
Exposure to air pollutants such as chemicals, fumes or dust
Genetics
Second-hand smoke
Age can increase risk
Complications
Respiratory Infections such as pneumoia
Lung Cancer
Cardiac complications including right ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure
ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)
Increased risk for developing depression
Frailty and weight loss
Sources
De, M. (2018, September 3). What are the complications of COPD? Medicalnewstoday.com; Medical News Today.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322970#complications
NT Contributor. (2020, March 23). COPD 1: pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognosis | Nursing Times. Nursing Times.
https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/respiratory-clinical-archive/copd-1-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-prognosis-23-03-2020/
Henderson, W. (2017, March 9). 4 Types of Tests Required to Diagnose COPD. COPD News Today.
https://copdnewstoday.com/2017/03/09/four-types-of-tests-required-to-diagnose-copd/
Diagnosing and Treating COPD. (2020). Lung.org;
https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/treating
Pathophysiology
Results from combined processes of peripheral airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This will then lead to limitations of the airflow and the destruction and loss of alveoli, terminal bronchioles, and surround capillary vessels and tissues.
Destruction to the alveoli, bronchioles, and capillary vessels will decrease overall gas transfer leading to a reduced inspiratory capacity which may lead to breathlessness and abnormal breathing (dyspnea).
Results in hypoxia (low oxygen levels in tissues), hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in blood), and hypercapnia (raised blood carbon dioxide levels)
Assessments & Labs
Ct Scan which can indicate emphysema
Arterial blood gas analysis
Spirometry Test which will measure the patient's lung capacity
Pulse Oximetry Test
Genetic laboratory tests which can help to determine if you have a genetic disorder of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiecny which can cause COPD in some people
Treatments
Supplemental Oxygen (Oxygen Therapy)
Lung Surgery
Use of respiratory therapist to improve breathing techniques and lung capacity
Avoid causative stimulus such as smoking, pollutants, etc.
Medications
Inhaled bronchodilators that will widen the airways, both long-acting and short-acting
Glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation in the airways
Methylxanthines which is an daily liquid or pill that aids in reducing inflammation, often used in patients with severe COPD
Roflumilast (Daliresp) which is a phosphodiesterase-I inhibitor that will help reduce inflammation