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TENSE
a grammatical concept expressing the relationship between…
TENSE
a grammatical concept expressing the relationship between the form of the verb and the time of the action or state that the verb describes
Verb
Main/Full Verb
- Carry their own meaning
- Only verb in the sentence
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- Transitive
- Intransitive
- Linking
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Aspect: a grammatical category dealing with how the event expressed by a verb is viewed, such as whether it is complete, is in progress, is habitual, or is momentary
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Grammatical aspects
Progressive
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incomplete, in progress, developing
Ex1: Lan is doing her homework
Ex2: She is cooking something in the kitchen
Ex3: This plant is growing
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Perfect
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A relationship between one state/ event and a later state/ event or time
Ex: We have done the exercises
MOOD: a set of contrasts shown by the form of the verb and which express the speaker’s/writer’s attitude to what is said/written
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Imperative moods: imperative sentences
Ex: Be quiet
Imperatives do not have tense or perfect aspect, but they may be used in progressive aspect
Ex: Be sitting in the left side, please
Subjunctive moods: the form of the verb used to express uncertainty, wishes, desires, etc. This mood refers to nonfactual/ hypothetical situations and belongs mainly to formal/ written English
Present subjunctive
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That-clause + subjunctive (mandative subjunctive): after n, v and adj, expressing obligation, demand, suggestion, advice, etc.
Ex: I recommend that you should not do that project
LEST + present subjunctive
Ex: Her forehead is so hot, lest she be sick
Past subjunctive
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Conditional sentences
Ex: If I were you, I wouldn't do that
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We can put the main verb in past tense without
changing the subjunctive
Ex: He ordered me about as though I were his servant.
If the action in the subordinate clause is earlier than that of the main verb, past perfect is normally used
Ex: He says as though he had been the only one hurtful in this world
Some concepts
Dynamic verbs
Activity verbs: abandon, ask, beg, call, etc.
Process verbs: change, deteriorate, grow, etc.
Verbs of bodily sensation: ache, feel, hurt, etc.
Transitional event verbs: arrive, die, fall, etc
Stative
Verbs of perception and cognition: abhor, adore,
believe, etc.
Relational verbs: apply to, be, belong to, etc
Temporary: limited duration, no long lasting, being subject to change
Permanent: stability, being unlikely to change