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natural science, Scientific method, Refine, alter, expand or reject…

- - - - e.g, when having the blood pressure taken, feelings of anxiousness could cause the pressure to go up, and therefore, affect the clinical picture the doctor sees
    - - prediction made by quantum theory
  - - - the authority comes from specialized scientific sub-communities and scientists who have the endorsement of the scientific communities to which they belong
      - those deemed experts in their fields are not infallible, but can give advice related to their specialism
  - - - the scientific method is successful in eliminating the personal bias of researchers, making conclusion that are independent of the beliefs of people
      - confirmation bias
        
        when one is not willing to accept the results of a test.
        
        refers to the fact that people tend to look for evidence that confirms their beliefs, and overlook evidence that goes against them
- - - - if a hypothesis is not refuted after being tested multiple times, it is well-corroborated. the more well-corroborated it is (falsifiable) the more valid it is
    - - there are statements that can be made which are verifiable empirically, but which cannot be falsified.
      - also occurs when some aspects or concepts cannot be falsified through observation
- - - - Kuhn argues that discontinuities happen within the fields of science which throw the field into disarray and uncertainty.
        
        Great conceptual breakthroughs
        
        Referred to ideas that challenged the contemporary philosophical assumptions about how science works
    - - Kuhn argues that a paradigm fully replaces an old one
        
        In reality, two paradigms can operate side by side for many years
    - - However, the reliability of natural sciences is largely because a vast amount of evidence is needed to overturn accepted theories
        
        One of the strengths of the nature sciences is that they're dogmatic and conservative
- - - - MAKE OBSERVATIONS
        This can be from one's own experiences, thoughts, reading
        
        THINK OF RELEVANT QUESTIONS
        E.g.: why do certain patterns occur?
        
        FORMULATE HYPOTHESES
        Identify general causes for phenomenon being studied