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Save my neck, can be assessed via, which reflects, include, means, means,…

- - - - Sporadic cancer
      - 95% of cancer cases
    - - Familial cancer
      - 5% of cancer cases
  - - - Connective tissues
    - - Epithelium
    - - lymphoid tissue
  - - - loss of control of cell proliferation
    - - Cervical cancer
        
        producing 2 viral genes
        
        E6: cause degradation of p53
        
        E7: inhibit the activity of the RB gene
- - - - Cross linking of DNA
  - - - Irreversible DNA breaks
- - - - inferior to the thyroid cartilage ( Adam's apple )
    - - superior thyroid artery
        
        R.L. external carotid artery
      - inferior thyroid artery
        
        R.L. subclavin artery
  - - - Right
      - Left
      - isthmus
  - - - cuboidal epithelial cells
        
        thyroid hormone synthesis
        
        T4
        
        T3
        
        increase the metabolic rate in cells
    - - calcitonin
        
        decrease the Ca+2 levels in the blood
        
        reduce the activity of osteoclast cells
        
        stimulate deposition of calcium in bones
    - - thyroid hormone storage and synthesis
- - - - they are localized
  - - - metastasizing
  - - - benign
        
        well-defined
        
        encapsulated
      - malignant
        
        Ill- defined
        
        not - capsulated
    - - benign
        
        slow
      - malignant
        
        rapid
    - - benign
        
        hemorrhage
        
        necrosis
      - malignant
        
        hemorrhage
        
        necrosis
    - - well defined margin
        
        benign
      - Ill-defined margin
        
        malignant
    - - benign
        
        grow
        
        compression
        
        surrounding tissue
        
        resemble
        
        normale tissue
        
        surrounded
        
        fibrous capsule
      - malignant
        
        grow
        
        invasion
        
        surrounding tissue
        
        resemble
        
        normale tissue
        
        anaplasia
        
        mitotic activity
- - - - Types of thyroid cancer
        
        Diffrentiated
        
        Papillary
        
        contain
        
        1 more item...
        
        1 more item...
        
        Follicular
        
        Hurthle cell
        
        Medullary
        
        contain
        
        Amyloids
        
        Spindle shaped cells
        
        Anaplastic
        
        contain
        
        Spindle shaped cells
        
        Pleomorphic giant cell
    - - results
        
        Thyroglobulin levels are high
        
        Thyroid cancer cells are growing
        
        No thyroglobulin was found
        
        Cancer treatment has worked
        
        Thyroglobulin levels decreased for a few weeks after treatment, but then started to increase over time
        
        Cancer has come back after being successfully treated.
      - used for
        
        See if thyroid cancer treatment was successful.
        
        See if cancer has returned after successful treatment.
  - - - key parts
        
        control panel
        
        display screen
        
        transducer.
      - How does it work
        
        The transducer sends out sound waves and picks up the echoes then it transported as image.
    - - diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodules.
      - highly accurate
        
        mean sensitivity higher than 80%
        
        mean specificity higher than 90%.
      - highly cost-effective
    - - count for
        
        White blood cell count
        
        White blood cell differential
        
        Red blood cell count
        
        Platelet count.
- - - - moderately differentiated
    - - poorly differentiated
    - - well differentiated
    - - undifferentiated
    - - cannot be assessed
  - - - TNM international system
        
        Nodes
        
        Metastasis
        
        the spread of CCs form primary site to other parts of body
        
        invasion
        
        metastasis
        
        anigiogenesis
        
        Tumor size
- - - - HER2
    - - RAS
    - - TNF-alpha
    - - MYS
    - - Oncogene
        
        Mutant form of proto-oncogene that contribute to malignant transformation
        
        RAS gene
        
        Gain of function mutation
        
        Dominant gene
  - - - P53
        
        Checkpoint in cell cycle
- - - - Asking whether the patient want to know details about his condition or not
    - - Informing patient about his condition
        
        Short, simple & clear sentences
    - - Asking about what patient already know & what he suspect
    - - Listening & allowing patient's expression of emotions
        
        Verbal & non-verbal communication
    - - Arranging appointment
        
        Quiet & private room
    - - Explaining treatment plan & expectations