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Respiratory Diseases (ALL) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bov herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)
        
        alphaherpesvirus = persis DNA w/ lil muta
        
        primary pthgn of URT
        
        latency in neuronal or lymphoid c
        
        may cause abortions (4-7 mo), encephalitis (BHV-5), fatal dz in newborn calves
        
        cause of SHIPPING FEVER
        
        bronchopneumo = fibrinous pleuropneumo
        
        stress, immunosuppr, paralysis of mucociliary escalator contrib to infec
        
        necrosis of epith predisposes for bact infec
        
        transm: sources are visitors on farm and particip in cattle shows; fomites, nasal exudate and respir droplets; aerosol, genital secre, fetal fl, semen
        
        infectious bov rhinotracheitis (IBR)
        
        viremia and neuronal spread
        
        diag: virus isol from nasal swabs, semen, fetal fl -- nasal swab can also be used for ELISA, IFA, PCR
        
        Ab ELISA of milk, serum, bulk tank
        
        look for IgM, VN, gB specific, gE
        
        histo of fixed fetus
        
        paired serology for exposure
        
        prev: range raised cattle less suscep; reduce stress, remove pos ani, surveill, vax
        
        vax protect after colostral immunity wanes -- MLV, inactivated, marker vax (DIVA?)
      - affects cattle - pre-weaned/weaned calves
      - multifactorial
      - compromised mucociliary escalator
      - pneumo
        
        secondary bact infec
      - causes sig econ losses
      - prev: ensure calves gets colostrum, biosecurity, maintain low stress, nutri, vax
        
        vax: combo most common; killed; MLV - local immunity in nasal passage;
    - - paramyxoviridae - subtypes A and B
        
        RNA virus
      - tropism: airway epith c and M0
      - mostly affects cows <6 mo
        
        gen adult dz less severe, become persis infec and can recur annually
      - transm and pathog unclear: host response likely contrib to dz - IgE hypersensi
      - high morbidity and low mortality
      - paroxystic respir distress synd: extensive mast c degranul - rare but fatal
        
        causes vol lungs w/ edema, alveolar hyperinflamm, emphysema, trachea, and bronchi filled w/ white and pink foam
      - interstitial pneumo - lower airway
      - clin: pyrexia for 3 d, cough, dyspnea
      - diag: necropsy, IFA, IHC (less common VI, PCR, serology for surveil)
      - trt: unspecific - abx and supportive care
  - - - rhinopneumonitis
      - young foals typ affec
      - incub period 2-10 d
        
        followed by erosion of URT epith by 10-14 d
        
        cell assoc viremia
        
        recovery in 1-2 wks but latency poss
      - clin: biphasic fever, nasal discharge, cough
      - diag:
        
        blood smpl for detec of Ab (ELISA, SN, paired serology)
        
        nasopharyngeal swabs for detec of Ag (PCR, VI)
      - prev: MLV, killed vax provide short lived immunity and only reduce severity of dz
      - control: isol new horses, quarantine infec horses for 3+ wks
        
        infec at breeding operations w/in 1st few wks-mo
    - - STABLE PNEUMO, SHIPPING FEVER
      - env orthomyxovirus: type 1 and 2 strains - type 2 incl current H3N8 and H7N7
      - transm: inhal, contact, fomites
      - tropism: viral replic in epith c of URT - spreads quickly
      - clin: high fever, cough, nasal and ocular discharge, poor appetite, poor performance, lymphadenopathy
        
        severity dep on age
        
        not distinguishable from other URT infec
      - diag:
        
        blood smpl for serology = specific strain
        
        nasapharyngeal swab for Ag detec - VI, ELISA Ag, RT-PCR
      - risk is inc w/ age, racing barns, shows, crowding, stress, vax status, exercise
      - prev: MLV (preferred) or killed vax (provides short lived immunity)
        
        vax foals 6 mo
        
        vax mares 4-6 wks? before foaling
        
        yrly booster for MLV
        
        6 wk boosters for killed vax
    - - pneumo in foals, respir illness in adults (+ abortion)
      - transm: inhal from acutely infec horses or venereal by carrier stallion
      - neutralizing Ab coincide w/ end of viremia
        
        virus can persis in repro tract of carrier stallion despite Ab (testosterone dep)
        
        virus ay still persis in repro tract however
      - tropism for M0
      - incub period 3-14 d
      - causes inflamm, vasc injury, inc permea, proinflamm cyk = edema, can lead to abortion
      - maj of ani subclin
        
        clic dz: fever, leukopenia, anorexia, nasal discharge, edema, respir illness, abortion/infertil
      - diag
        
        paired serology = ELISA and SN
        
        VI or PCR: eye, nose, throat swab, semen, placenta/fetal tis, blood smpl (consis viremic)
      - control/prev
        
        test semen to ID carrier stallions = only breed to immune mares
        
        immuniz: vax mares prior to breeding and colts at 6-8 mo
        
        isol/quarantine, hygiene, mvmt restric, surveil, immuniz during otbrks
        
        vax will produce EAV Ab = must have written certificate to vax and ani must be neg prior to vax
        
        vax ani must be isol b/c can shed
      - differen diag: EIV, EHV, streptococcal infec, EIA, African Horse Sickness
  - - - 2 dz manif
        
        Maedi (dyspnea) and Nisa (wasting)
      - infec is lifelong
      - tropism: infec spread thru body via M0
      - retrovirus - lentivirus = does not survive long in environ
      - econ impt - reduced concep, milk produc
      - immu medi lesions in multi organ sys
        
        infec M0 are surr by immu c
        
        filling of alveolar space
      - transm: contact, infected milk/colostrum
      - pneumo
        
        incub = 3-8 yrs (most common in 2-3 yo sheep)
        
        often subclin
        
        clin: case fatality rate 100%; wt loss, exercise intoler, abortion or weak lambs, hardbag, slight nasal discharge or cough
        
        clin course shortened by stress and prolonged by careful nursing
        
        diag
        
        gross: restricted to lungs and LN, lungs show extensive consol and don't collapse
        
        histo: hyperplasia of alveolar septa, mononuclear infil
        
        ELISA, AGID for Ab exposure (Ab against viral gp)
        
        PCR to detect provirus
        
        pathog: edema, interstitial pneumo, hvy lungs
        
        prev/control: no vax or trtmt = test and cull seropos ani; biosecurity
  - - - env Arterivirus
      - one of top respir dz problems in swine
        
        often in combo w/ other infec
        
        respir dz in pigs of all ages
        
        most severe in growing pigs
      - tropism: alveolar M0
        
        spreads into lymphoid tis
      - domestic and wild pigs
      - transm: oral and nasal secre, sexual, fomites, intro of infec pigs
        
        shed in blood, nasal secre, semen, saliva
      - pigs exhibit an immu response, but it is prolonged
        
        virus modulates host innate response
        
        virus can persis for wks even w/ circu Ab
        
        neutralizing Ab appear after decline in viremia
        
        muta is common = lack of cross protection
        
        clin signs vary w/ diff viruses - but cause severe respir dz
    - - one of top respir dz problems in swine
        
        ZOONOTIC
        
        high muta, Ag shift and drift
      - tropism: epith c
      - sudden onset, spreads thru entire herd w/in 1-3 d
      - clin: cough, dyspnea, weakness, prostration, mucus discharge from eyes and nose, depression, fever, anorexia
        
        solely respir d w/ fever
      - diag: PCR for acute dz and serology for surveil
  - - - Can distemper virus (CDV)
        
        charac
        
        Paramyxoviridae - morbillivirus
        
        env RNA virus
        
        replic in cyto
        
        well controlled in domestic dogs by vax
        
        puppies (4-6 mo) are suscep popu
        
        pathog
        
        transm: contact w. infec ani or secre (aerosol/droplets)
        
        virus strain, age, and immu status determ clin outcomes
        
        clin: conjunctivitis, fever, anorexia, diarrhea, myoclonus, seizures, enamel hypoplasia, abortion and infertil, oculonasal disacharge, keratoconjunctivitis, cough, dyspnea, hyperesthesia, chewing gum seizures, chorioretinitis (gold medallion lesions)
        
        vesicular and pustular dermatitis
        
        better prog, rarely assoc w/ CNS signs
        
        hyperkeratosis of nose and footpads
        
        usually assoc w/ CNS = poor prog
        
        CNS signs (acute or chronic) typ progressive
        
        chronic: old dog encephalitis (rare, due to persis virus)
        
        acute: 1-3 wks after clin illness
        
        diag:
        
        viremia in mononuclear c
        
        IFA: conjunctiva, tonsils, respir epith, CSF, buffy coat, bm, foot pad biopsy
        
        ELISA and SN look for Ab in serum or CSF which persis for life - IgM and IgG
        
        VI on conjunctival and nasal swabs, blood, urine, TTW
        
        histopath on necropsy, footpad biopsies
        
        look for eos intracyto and intranuclear inclusions
        
        trtmt: supportive care or euth if dz progresses
        
        control: vax - core, recombi or MLV (against surf glycoprot)
      - Can adenovirus
        
        charac
        
        non-env dsDNA = stable in environ
        
        nuclear replic = intranuclear inclusion bodies
        
        hemagglut = cause agglut of RBCs
        
        2 serotypes
        
        CAV1 = renal and hepatic parenchymal c - infectious canine hepatitis
        
        CAV2 = respir tract epith c +/- intes epith c - tracheobronchitis
        
        transm: oronasal
        
        viral replc in nasal and pharyngeal epith, tonsilar crypts, non-ciliated c of bornchi and alveolar epith
        
        replic peaks at 3-6 d
        
        local Ab response clears infec in 9 d if immu response suffic
        
        poor immu response = migr to distal airways = bronchitis, interstitial pneumo = secondary bact infec (mortality high in young ani)
        
        dz typ self lim in immunocompetent ani
        
        diag: based on clin and hx; VI, ELISA, PCR, serology, histopath may confirm
        
        vax prev
      - Can parainfluenza virus
        
        charac
        
        paramyxovirus
        
        env = fragile
        
        no viremia
        
        viral shedding up to 8-10 d after infec
        
        cytolytic infec
        
        transm: direct contact - oronasal/respir secre
        
        replic in epith
        
        nasal tract, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi
        
        secondary infec common
        
        clin: serous nasal discharge, honking cough - vocal cord swelling,
        
        vax reduces dz but does not protect against infec
        
        not core but multivalent vax may contain it
      - can infec tracheobronchitis/kennel cough
        
        mild and self lim respir dz
        
        harsh dry cough
      - often secondary to viral infec
        
        typ multifactorial
        
        fatal bronchopneumo in puppies
      - diag: hx and clin, VI, ELISA, PCR, serology, histopath
      - trtmt
        
        supportive care, antitussives, bronchodil, nebulizer
        
        maybe antimic (often viral), glucocorticoids
        
        vax may be avail - typ multivalent
  - - - Fel herpesvirus (fel rhinotracheitis)
        
        env virus capable of latency - stress induced reactiv
        
        unstable in environ
        
        may remain latent in trigeminal ganglion
        
        replic in nucleus of epith c of URT
        
        may see intranuclear inclusion bodies
        
        transm: intranasal, oral, conjunctival, aerosol (fomites NOT impt)
        
        latently infec ani are maj source of infec (can shed w/o clin signs)
        
        typ affects cats in 1st year of life - incub period 24-48 hrs
        
        clin: sneezing, coughing, profuse nasal discharge, wt loss, corneal ulcers, bronchopneumo, anorexia, fever, abortion in preg queens (indirect), secondary infec
        
        abortion has no direct viral involvement
        
        diag: by clin w/o oral lesions; PCR or VI by nasal swabs, IFA from conjunctival smears - look for Ag
        
        maternal Ab are protective, but can promote latency
        
        trtmt: supportive care is critical, antivirals
        
        control: avoid overcrowding, stress, poor nutri, poor sani, poor ventil; isol preg cats, sick cats, unvax cats
        
        ddx: fel Calicivirus, Bordetella, Chlamydophila felis, Mycoplasma felis
        
        immu response against natural infec is norm protective against dz but not infec - mild clin if reinfec w/in 150 d of primary infec
      - Fel calicivirus
        
        transm: contact w/ infec exre, fomites, direct w/ carrier ani
        
        charac
        
        non env RNA virus = very stable in environ
        
        cytoplasmic replic and release by cell lysis
        
        carrier state and persis in host tonsils/oropharyngeal tis - very low lvl replic (NOT latency)
        
        can persis for yrs
        
        infec in nasal/oral/conjunctival tis = transient viremia; spreads to lungs = pneumo; spread to synovial memb = lameness
        
        highly virulent sys strain may cause dissem lesions, vasculitis, hepatocellu necrosis and severe skin lesions
        
        clin: oral ulcers, sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, respir distress
        
        ddx: FHV-1, Boredetlla, Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila, secondary agents
        
        diag: look for PCR, biopsy or conjunctival smear, FAT, VI -- we vax though
        
        prev/control: vax, reduce stress, sani, isol sick ani
      - acute presentation of a contagious respir or ocular dz caused by 1+ pthgns
      - diag:
        
        VI/PCR on conjunctival/nasa or Cd pharyngeal swabs (BAL)
        
        serology - look for exposure, complic by vax
        
        IHC/FAT on biopsy or necropsy specimens, conjunctival smears
      - prev: reduce stress, sani, vax
        
        vax reduce dz but does not protect against infec or carrier state
        
        both are core vax
      - trt: supportive care, hydration, stream(?) - mixed results w/ antivirals for FHV
- - - - charac
        
        pleomorph short rods
        
        10 serotypes
        
        types 1 and 2 most common in US
      - may be found in soil and as commensal on tonsils of grazing ani
      - shed in feces
      - causes highly fatal suppur bronchopneumo in foals 1-6 mo age
        
        age when maternal Ab declining
        
        before foal's immu sys fully matu
      - transm: inhal or inges
      - clin: foals dev progressive cough, fever, inc respir, trach rattle, lethargy, flared nostrils, tachycardia
        
        mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
        
        intes involvement if sputum is swallowed
        
        can dev extrapulm disorders (EPD)
        
        polysynovitis, intra-abd abscesses, lymphadenitis, colitis
        
        lower survival
      - trtmt: very resis to abx, can give commercial serum w/ Abs, supportive care; NO VAX
        
        uptake by Fc recep on Ab does not allow bact to change phagosome memb and block acidific
      - colostrum is protective for 3-10 wks
      - pathog: phagolysosomal fusion blocked, produces weak toxin
        
        replic in cyto of M0
        
        kills by 48 hrs of necrosis
        
        releases new orgm, highly inflamm, recruits more M0
        
        virulence factor: mycolic acid produc
      - foals can be given exogenous antiserum
      - diag: clin usually suffic
        
        readily cultured and observed in TTW
        
        foals show clin
        
        feces can also be used for culture
        
        see consol lung lesions on rads
        
        definitive diag = PCR amplif
  - - - birds = FOWL CHOLERA
        
        found in domestic poultry and wild birds
        
        older chickens more suscep than young
        
        turkeys more suscep than chickens
        
        healthy birds do not carry orgm
        
        chronically infec birds maj source of infec
        
        excre from mouth, nose, conjunctiva
        
        transm does not occur in ovo = not hatchery dz
        
        infec is typ acute or chronic
        
        infec in pet or wild birds is often due to cat bites = may have fatal septicemia
        
        trtmt: depopu and thorough disinfec
        
        clin: swelling and edema of wattles, lameness, arthritis, serofibrinous pericarditis; extremely high mort rate
        
        prev/control
        
        dispose of dead birds by burying/burning, prevent contact btwn wild domestic ani
        
        bacterins (killed vax) and live vax
        
        live vax added to water
        
        diag: Geima/Wright stain of blood smears, impression smears of liver, isol and serotype, ELISA for Ab detec
        
        gross: consol of lung
      - ruminants = hemorrhagic septicemia, E:2 and B:2
        
        transm: airborne droplets, contamin feed and water
        
        normal flora in oropharynx but act as secondary invader when immu sys compromised
        
        typ occurs during rainy season in tropical and subtropical regions (not common in US)
        
        REPORTABLE
        
        clin: high fever, dysentery, edema of throat/neck/brisket, fibrinous nasal discharge, high mort
        
        survivors show pneumo
        
        blood stained fl accum
        
        gross: widepsread petechial hemorr, lymphadenopathy, blood tinged fl in pleural cavity and pericardial sac
        
        diag: lung section or nasal swab smpl
        
        bipolar orgm on Geimsa smears
        
        isol and serotyping
        
        grow on BA, not Mac
        
        trtmt/prev: MLV and bacterins, disinfec w/ 10% phenol
      - rabbits = SNUFFLES and septicemia
        
        mild respir infec, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, pneumo, otitis media, head tilt, mucopurulent exudate from nasal passages, difficulty breathing, septicemia, fever, emaciation
        
        gross: lung consol, fibrinous deposits on pleura
        
        diag: clin, culture, and/or serology - nasal swabs
        
        no vax
        
        prophyl therapy w/ abx may help
      - pigs = atrophic rhinitis, A:3 and D:3
        
        dermonecrotic toxin causes osteoclastic degener of nasal turbantes
        
        affects pigs 3-8 wks old
        
        clin: sneezing, lacrimation, turbinate bone destruc, deformities of snout, retarded growth
        
        diag: smpl on exudates, pus, nasal swabs, portion of necrotic lung
        
        Geimsa or Leishman stain on blood smears, tis impression smear
        
        BA culture and isol
        
        ELISA toxin detec
        
        control: improve husbandry, vax 2 and 4 wks prior to farrowing; vax piglets at 1 and 4 wks old
      - dogs and cats
        
        common in mouth and throats of healthy
        
        can and fel strains do not play an impt pathog role in natural hosts
        
        P. multocida is one of bact orgm isol from bite abscesses or cellulitis lesions
      - hu
        
        accidental hosts - infec by dog or cat bites = infec lim to wound site
        
        P. canis = most commonly isol from dog bites
        
        P. multocida subsp multocida ad septica = most commonly isol from cat bites
        
        50% of dog bites and 75% of cat bites have P. multocida contamin
      - general
        
        transm: airborne droplets, contamin feed and water
        
        control: MLV vax or bacterins
        
        skunks, raccoons, wild fowl as vectors
        
        diag: culture, gross path, Wright stain
        
        does NOT grow on Mac - grows best on BA
        
        often found in URT (tonsils, nasopharynx) of healthy dogs and hu
        
        secondary invader
        
        bipolar appearance on Wright's stain (safety pin)
        
        serotypes are differen by diff in capsule and cell wall Ag
        
        may survive and remain virulent in dried blood for 3 wks and in carcasses for 18+ mo
        
        charac
        
        very sm, rods
        
        aerobic or facul anaer
        
        non-motile, non-spore forming
        
        virulent form has capsule
    - - Biotype A - serotype 1
        
        A2 is commensal
        
        SHIPPING FEVER
        
        causes acute fibrinous pleuropneumo
        
        affec cattle, sheep, goats
        
        septicemia in sheep
        
        mastitis in ewes and camels
      - commensal in URT of healthy cattle - opportunistic
        
        crowding, stress or viral infec cause prolif of serotype A1
      - coloniz of muc surf predisp ani to onset of pneumonic dz
      - transm: inhal of bact contain aerosol droplets into lungs
      - pathog: leukotoxin and release of LPS = migr of neutros into lungs
      - clin: depression, fever (104-106F), serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, moist cough, rapid shallow respir rate
      - diag
        
        cultures: tracheal swab or wash, lung lesions
        
        cannot use serologic testing or direct bact detec
      - trtmt/prev/control
        
        can be trt w/ abx
        
        vax - efficacy inconsis
        
        minimize stress and provide adeq nutri
    - - preferred host: chicken
        
        most suscep btwn 22-34 wks
        
        dz most freq in broiler at 40 wks
      - dz not well understood
        
        salpingitis w/ or w/o peritonitis, enteritis, dz of respir tract
    - - INFECTIOUS CORYZA
        
        growing chickens and laying hens
      - clin: nasal discharge, sneezing, edema of face, dec egg produc
      - high mort rate
      - diag: isol and ID of agent on choc agar, tracheal swabs, sinus exudates
      - vax w/ bacterins avail, treatable w/ abx
    - - bronchiseptica
        
        dogs
        
        most common cause of kennel cough
        
        incub period 2-14 d
        
        causes tracheobronchitis
        
        often secondary to CDV or parainfluenza
        
        typ infec when in crowded situ w/ poor ventil and warm ait
        
        diag
        
        chest rads, endoscopy, biopsy and swab smpl
        
        BAL
        
        culture of transtracheal aspirates on BA
        
        only trt w/ abx if secondary infec present
        
        vax
        
        injectable
        
        sys immunity if 2 doses given >4 mo
        
        may only reduce dz, not prevent infec
        
        intranasal: immunity lasts 10-12 mo
        
        not useful in dogs already incub bact
        
        clin: acute, very dry harsh cough, bronchitis
        
        cats
        
        mild URT infec
        
        pigs
        
        ATROPIC RHINITIS
        
        severe bronchopneumo
        
        PM toxin
        
        inc osetoclastic activity
        
        most destructive
        
        permanent form of AR
        
        BB toxin
        
        imparis osteogenesis by damaging osetoblasts
        
        transient damage and full recovery of turbinates can occur
        
        vax
        
        to sows 4-5 and 2-3 wks before farrowing
        
        given at 7 and 28 days old
        
        diag: clin, bact culture of nasal cavity for isol, turbinate atrphy during postmortem
      - avium
        
        rhinotracheitis, TURKEY CORYZA
        
        affec turkey poults
        
        diag
        
        clin + gross path
        
        isol and ID of bact from sinus fl (aspir) and tracheal swabs
        
        serology for exposure
        
        transm: direct contact, aerosols, environ sources - drinking water
        
        control: cleaning and disinfec of turkey houses after otbrk
        
        clin: frothy discharge from eyes, lacrimation, sneezing, excessive UR muc produc, cough, tracheal collapse
        
        prev: live vax
      - pertussis
        
        humans (esp young)
        
        whooping cough
        
        toxin paralyzes cilia
        
        clin: bouts of brief paroxysmal cough, excessive mucus produc and vom
      - general
        
        oblig anaer
        
        norm commensal of URT
        
        tropism: ciliated epith
        
        toxins
        
        dermonecrotic
        
        intracellu, released upon bacteriolysis
        
        arterial construc and ischemia
        
        tracheal cytotoxin
        
        exotoxin
        
        destroys ciliated respir epith
        
        lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
        
        endotoxin
        
        fever, C' activ
        
        adenylate cyclase
        
        inhib phago
        
        inhib phagosome-lysosome fusion
  - - - bovis
        
        charac
        
        cell wall contains mycolic acid = prevents Gm stain
        
        variety of virulence factors contrib to chronic infec
        
        inhib phagolysosome fusion and acidific
        
        prot to block reactive N intermediates
        
        superoxide dismutase enz
        
        Fe chelators
        
        high lipid content of outer memb = prevent drying or damage (virulence factor)
        
        ZOONOTIC
        
        acid fast bacilli inside M0
        
        causative agent in cattle, pigs, dogs, horses, sheep, and primates
        
        eradicated in US pigs
        
        seen in wildlife popu - cervids (natural reservoir)
        
        transm: inhal, inges, transQ, vertical
        
        bact reach alveoli of lung = inges by M0 = some survive = multiply in M0 = chemotactic response brings more M0 = cannot destroy bact so release enz and cyk = lung damaging inflamm = after few wks M0 die and tubercle (grarnuloma) w. caseous center forms = center enlg = ruptures and spreads bact
        
        dissem via lymph and lodge in lung, liver, spleen
        
        gradual lung lesions form and impair func
        
        surveil at slaughterhouse
        
        culture is definitive
        
        sensi of culture dep on what is cultured
        
        milk has more false neg than culturing pus
        
        Manatoux test - tuberculin skin test
        
        delayed type hypersensi
        
        test for IFN-gamma produc and cell medi immu
        
        caudal fold test in cattle, eyelid or forearm in primates, base of ear or vulvar lip in pigs, pinna or medial side of prox hindlimb in dogs; NO reliable site in cats
        
        measures swelling after 72 hrs (induration)
        
        if ani is pos
        
        retest in 60 d
        
        if pos again, quarantine herd
        
        comparative DTH test
        
        disting specific CTH to M. bovis or gen anti-mycobacterium response
        
        herd can be depopu
        
        producer can work w/ state to implement a test and removal plan
        
        milk and meat may not enter hu or ani food chain, no new ani can enter, no ani can be sold, may take 2 yrs
        
        USDA maint active surveil of cattle herds, states classif by prevalence of bov TB
        
        trtmt is illegal b/c interferes w/ surveil
      - tuberculosis
        
        most prev bact infec worldwide
        
        infec of hu and non-hu primates (dogs also suscep)
        
        transm: aerosol
        
        gradual lung lesions form and impair func
        
        granulomas observed on liver and spleen
        
        all primates in contact w/ hu are tested DTH tuberculin test
  - - - Can (M. cynos)
        
        more common in young <1 yr
        
        intersp transm?
        
        common inhabitant of URT
        
        dz often caused w/ immunsuppr or w/ coinfec
        
        diag: DNA based (PCR)
        
        higher sensi, faster, no antisera needed
        
        lack of specialized labs
        
        isol difficult
        
        not all types are pathog
        
        carrier state common
        
        1st exposure thru birth canal
        
        assoc w/ URT and LRT dz pneumo
        
        trtmt: resis to beta lactams
        
        control: no vax
      - Fel (M. felis)
        
        intersp transm?
        
        not all types of pathog
        
        control: avoid overcrowding, no vax
        
        clin: keratoconjunctivitis, URT dz, long term carrier state
        
        can be isol from URT of healthy ani
        
        pleuritis in horses
        
        diag: PCR (DNA)
        
        nasal, ocular, conjunctival, BALF swabs
        
        higher sensi, faster, no antisera needec
        
        M. haemofelis
        
        fel infectious anemia
        
        transm via athropods (flea, tick)
        
        carrier state after transm
        
        can be fatal w/ high bact load
        
        diag: PCR, culture unreliable
      - Bov (M. mycoides subsp mycoides)
        
        contagious bov pleuropneumo (CBPP)
        
        REPORTABLE - not present in USA
        
        econ impt
        
        transm: close contact w/ infec ani, inhal droplets
        
        variable incub period 3 wks to 3 mo
        
        ddx: P. multocida
        
        diag: PCR, lung lesions (not pathognomonic)
        
        DNA based = higher sensi, faster, no antisera needed
        
        nasal swabs and discharges, BAL/TTW, pleural fl, lung lesions, blood, local LN
        
        can look for Ab, but decay in chronic stages
        
        clin: fibrinous interstitial pneumo, marble appearance, lung edema and necrosis, uni or bilat, exudative inflamm of lymph ves and alveoli, respir distress, mastitis and otitis
        
        chronic: necrotic tis walled off w/ viable orgm that can be transmitted
        
        control: vax, cull infec and contact ani, mvmt rstric, antimic induce carrier state (Ab)
        
        vax NOT allowed in countries where erad
        
        trtmt not recommended b/c induce carrier state
        
        high morbidity, low mortality
      - Small rum (M. capricolum subsp capripneumoniae)
        
        contagious caprine pleuropneumo
        
        goats, not sheep
        
        prominent strain F38
        
        high morb and mort
        
        transm: direct contact w/ infec ani, inhal infec droplets, carrier goats
        
        incub period 1-4 d
        
        clin: fever, inappetence, cough, ataxia, loss of body condition, respir distress, nasal discharge, interstitial and interlobular edema, fibrinous plueritis
        
        loss of body condition = prostration = death
        
        diag: difficult dur to lack of pathognomonic signs
        
        isol of bact from lung or pleural fl is most sensi
        
        PCR preferred to avoid cross-reactivity
        
        necropsy: interstitial and intralobular edema, fibrinous pleuritis, dz norm confined to lungs (uni or bilat), conges, granular appearance, sm/yellow nodules in lungs, adh to ribs, thickened pleura
        
        control/prev: quarantine, disinfec, abx therapy; vax in some countries
        
        M. ovipneumoniae
        
        stress induced pneumo in young lambs, common inhabitant of sheep respir tract
      - Sw (M. hyopneumoniae)
        
        ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA
        
        incub period 14 d
        
        transm: vertical via nursing, born dz free; horiz (slow), airborne long distances
        
        pathog: infects cilia of respir tract
        
        clin: slow onset, dry cough, can be subclin/acute/chronic
        
        M. hyorhinis = polyserositis, abortion, arthritis
        
        M. hyosynoviae = polyarthritis in adults
        
        M. suis = anemia and dec wt
        
        diag: DNA detect of Ag w/ PCR
        
        control
        
        vax partial protective = bacterins
        
        eradication is poss
        
        does not limit commercial trade, inc ventil
        
        may use abx as it could improve produc parameters - dec clin but doesn't elim pthgn
      - Poultry (M. gallisepticum)
        
        chronic respir dz (CRD)
        
        assoc w/ intensive husbandry, overcrowding, poor environ
        
        co-infec w/ E. coli and Newcastle
        
        sp: chickens, turkey, game birds
        
        poss ZOONOTIC
        
        transm: to egg, horiz (close contact), aerosol suspected
        
        diag: Ab detec w/ rapid serum agglut or ELISA, PCR, culture is common
        
        clin: turkeys more suscep to respir dz, airsacculitis, dec egg produc, infraorbital sinus swelling, nasal and ocular discharge
        
        control: erad of breeding stock, Abx for eggs, vax
        
        persis as chronic condition
        
        M. iowae: turkey embryo mortal (2-5%), affects GIT
      - also seen in wildlife sp
      - general
        
        very sm, small genome - 500 genes
        
        NO CELL WALL = just plasma memb = no peptidoglycan
        
        "fried egg" colony appearance
        
        low C-G content = less stable more muta
        
        fastidious growth, req specific media, slow growth rate
        
        lacks many target sites for most abx
        
        wide range of hosts - can be pathog or commensal
        
        extracellu
        
        transm: in utero, birth canal, mother, horiz, airborne, fomites
        
        pathog: colonizes muc memb, adh to host c surf, adhesins, toxins, and biofilm forma
        
        diag: isol is slow and expensive, PCR is most common
        
        trtmt/control: response to abx, vax does not confer total protection
- - - - viviparous
        
        natural host = cattle
        
        dairy > beef (esp calves)
        
        DIRECT life cycle
        
        transm: inges of L3 larvae
        
        prefer wet cooler weather - Sept-Oct
        
        mech vectors for dispersal
        
        pilocolus fungus
        
        rain, earthworms, wheeled vehicles, hu/ani feet
        
        life cycle
        
        L3 larvae inges = penetrate intes wall = migr to LN via lymph vs = molt to L4 = migr to lungs via circu = dev into adults in bronchioles = lay eggs via sex repro = eggs coughed up and swallowed = eggs hatch in intes = larvae passed out in feces
        
        stages of dz
        
        penetration (day 1-7)
        
        arrival of larvae in lungs = minor clin problems
        
        prepatent (days 7-25)
        
        larvae mature in lungs and bronchioles are blocked by eos exudate
        
        mod clin: HUSK & HOOSE cough or AIR HUNGER position
        
        patent phase (days 25-55)
        
        period or greatest mortality
        
        severe bronchitis, emphysema, consoli, hyaline memb forma, cellular exudate, frothy mucosa
        
        mature worms in bronchi and trachea
        
        secondary bact or viral dz
        
        post patent phase (days 55-70)
        
        adult worms expelled
        
        chronic bronchiesctasis
        
        chronic pneumo
        
        can be steady recovery w/ wt gain
        
        clin: bronchitis, rapid breathing, dyspnea, cough
        
        diag: clin + Baermann exam
        
        demo of living larvae in feces (12+ d post clin) = need ultra fresh feces
        
        trt/control: vax in Europe against L3, trtmt w/ antihelminthics
      - arnfieldi
        
        natural host = donkey
        
        DIRECT life cycle
        
        dead end host: horse and ponies
        
        life cycle
        
        adults mate and lay eggs in air passages = larvated eggs pass in feces = direct to L3 on ground = infec by inges = penetrate gut and migr via lymphatics and circu sys to lung = adults live in lower airways
        
        PPP: ~40 d
        
        clin: usually none; horses could have persis cough
        
        diag: clin signs and larvated egg in very fresh feces (hatched soon after passed) or larvae on Baermann
        
        appearanc: white-ish worms, eggs are larvated, sim in size to strongyle ova but larvated
        
        prev/control: keep horses and donkeys sep, routine deworm, isol and treat all new donkeys
    - - INDIRECT life cycle
      - DH: pigs and wild boars
      - IH: earthworms
      - life cycle
        
        PPP: 3-4 wks
        
        eggs inges by earthworm = dev into L3 = pig ingest earthworm w/ L3 = L3 pentrtes gut wall = migr to mesenteric LN and molt to L4 = migr to lungs via circu = advance up bronchial tree as dev = eggs coughed up = swallowed and defecated out
      - clin: hemorr in lungs, nodules (around dead worms), husky cough, loss of condition, retarded growth
        
        verminous pneumo, consol, emphysema - due to airway blockage
      - diag: finding eggs in feces
        
        thick shelled, larvated mamillated, sm than Ascaris suum
      - prev: keep pigs from earthworms, proper sani
    - - feline lungworm
      - INDIRECT life cycle
      - DH: cats
      - IH: land snail/slug
      - life cycle
        
        cat eats paratenic host (bird, rodent) = inges larvae liberated from intes = penetrate mucosa = migr to lungs = adult worms found in alveolar ducts and termin bronchioles 8-9 d after inges
        
        egg laying starts 4 wks after infec
        
        1st stage larvae found in feces ~6 wks after infec
        
        adults live in bronchioles/pulm parenchyma
      - clin: most cases asymp; coughing and anorexia can be seen - young most infec
        
        gray nodules 1-10 mm in dia scattered over surf of lungs
      - diag: clin signs, Baermann exam - larvae have kinked tail, TTW/BAL for eggs or larvae
    - - Canine lung or tracheal worm
      - DIRECT life cycle
      - DH: canids
      - transm: inges of larvae
        
        often immatu ani
      - life cycle
        
        PPP: 6 mo
        
        larvae inges = migr via lymph and blood to heart and lungs = migr up bronchi to bifurcation of trachea = form nodules = adults mate = L1 discharged into trachea = larvae coughed up and swallowed = passed w/ feces or regurg
        
        infective as L1 = can cause reinfec
      - clin: cough and wheeze, nodules at bifurcation of trachea
      - diag: ID of larvae - larvae have short S shaped or kinked tail
        
        bronchoscopy, Baermann of TTW/BAL
    - - DIRECT life cycle
      - DH: dogs and cats
      - life cycle
        
        E. boehi - not understood, direct?
        
        E. aerophilus
        
        larvae from inges eggs hatch in sm intes = penetrate mucosa = migr by bloodstream to lungs = penetrate alveoli = migr up airway passages as they dev = adult worms inhib epith of bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea (thin bodies are threaded thru epith surf) = eggs are coughed up in sputum = swallowed and passed in feces
      - clin
        
        E. aerophilus
        
        usually non-pathog in mild cases, more common affects young
        
        cough, nasal discharge, tracheitis/bronchitis = pneumo
        
        E. boehmi
        
        usually asymp
        
        rhinitis, chronic nasal discharge, eos inflamm
      - diag: fecal float - can be confused morph w/ Trichuris sp
        
        in more challenging cases, eggs can be recovered using a TTW or nasal discharge flush and found on cyto
        
        eggs resemble Trichuris sp - barrel shaped w/ asymm bipolar plugs, light brown
  - - - INDIRECT life cycle
      - DH: mink, muskrat, dogs, cats, hu
      - IH: 1st aquatic snail, 2nd freshwater crayfish
      - cats are infec by inges metacercariae in crayfish
      - PPP: 60-90 d
      - life cycle
        
        water = snail = crayfish = dev into metacercariae = dog/cat inges metacercariae in crustacean = migr thru peritoneal cavity and thru diaphragm = penetrate lungs occurs 10-14 d after infec and repro sexually
        
        most flukes reside in Cd lung
        
        eggs shed 5-7 wks after infec
      - clin: respir problems (chronic cough, gag, dyspnea, pneumothorax), anorexia, fever, death; some are asymp
      - path: parasitic cysts in lungs; chronic eos granulomatous pneumo, multifocal pleural hemorr, eos peritonitis, myositis
      - diag: clin, ova in sputum/BAL/TTW, fecal float using sucrose soln, fecal sedimentation
      - eggs: ovid, vase shaped, flattened on one side; amber; very prominent operculum w/ button at opposite end
      - prev: keep cats inside, keep pets away from crustaceans