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Musculoskeletal Diseases (ALL) - Coggle Diagram
Musculoskeletal Diseases (ALL)
Bacteria
Gram pos
Actinomyces
bovis
common environ contaminant
= dense mat of bact + neutros + M0 + plasma c
clin: difficulty breathing, difficulty chewing, loss of condition, swelling around jaw
causes
may cause FISTULOUS WITHERS and POLL EVIL in horses
LUMPY JAW in cattle
deep chronic infec of mandible - 1) suppur abscesses dev and rupture, 2) bone deteriorates = teeth loosen if untreated
mastitis in pigs
diag: confirm by culture
trtmt/prev: treat w/ abx, vax not done
other sp in dogs and cats
found in oropharynx and GI tract
clin: acute to chronic swelling of soft tis (head and neck), typ abscsses stay local, sulfur granules w/ yellow/tan color
cats
subQ bites usually cause
cause abscess, peritonitis, pyrothorax, cough, dec lung sounds, dyspnea
rads: alveolar and interstitial fl
diag: clin, hx of trauma, Gm stain, culture to confirm
trtmt: debride, abx, start early to prev pyothorax
charac
non motile, filamentous, non-spore form rod
anaer or facul anaer
non acid fast
forms sulfur granules (lg and >yellow than actinobacillus)
oral cavity commensal
assoc w/ foreign body
Trueperella pyogenes
charac
non motile, facul anaer
widely distrib in nature
commensal of skin, URT, genitals
cattle, sheep, pigs
clin: abscesses of face/ears/neck/lungs/LN, mastitis, suppur pneumo, endometritis, pyometra, arthritis
diag: culture material - milk, pus, BAL, LN, blood, CSF, uterus secre, tis at necropsy
Actinobaculum suis
charac
anaer rod
serious swine UTI
transm: contact w/ contamin environ, natural mating w/ carrier boar
boars colonized in preputial area
clin: hematuria, cystitis, pyelo, death
purulent wounds of mamm gl
cystitis in older sows = dk urine, sudden collapse, loss of condition, anorexia, hind leg weakness, freq strained urination
diag: difficult to isol = IFA is gold std; PCR can be used
trt/prev: responds to some abx, don't trt arthritis
Nocardia spp
charac
saprophytes
transm: dirt in wounds, trauma, inhal, inges
clin: cellulitis, abscesses w/ ulcerations, fistulous tracts, lesions w/ drain LN, lesions on limb/feet/abd
diag: ani have non-regener anemia and hyperprot, gross lesions in organs, smears of exudate, Gm stain, culture
trt: sx debride, abx, resis to penicillin and fluoroquinolones
prev: suscep to chlorine disinfec
bovine/sheep/goats
causes acute or chronic mastitis
perm damage quarter
milk contains exudate
seen w/ poor hygiene - soil contamin in udder wash
BOVINE FARCY
bov tropics
infec of superfic lymph, LN, lesions on medial aspect of legs and neck
cat/dog
cutaneous/subQ abscesses and pneumo
inhal orgm = lesions in alveolar space (can penetrate blood ves)
dogs w/ gen nocardiosis = fl in abd cavity = cough, nasal discharge, high RR
horses
rare
swine
rare
Dermatophilus congolensis
charac
non acid fast, facul anaer
behaves like bact and fungi
2 morphs
filamentous hyphae
motile zoospores
severe skin infec in ani and hu
huge econ signif
clin: exudtive dermatitis, rain scald, mycotic dermatitis
RAIN ROT/GREASE HEAL in horses
LUMPY WOOL and STRAWBERRY FOOT ROT in sheep
transm: direct or indirect contact w/ zoospores
zoospores invade epidermis
can transmit to other sites on host or new host
gen does not invade healthy skin
survives for long period of time in dry crusts
pathog: zoospore released when skin wet
upper layer of skin involved (branched mycelia invade hair follicles and penetrate dermis)
hair becomes hard and matted = removal of hair = raw, ulcerated skin
diag: zoospores in direct smears, submit scab for culture
trt/prev: abx for cosmetic reasons, vax not recommended
immunity is cell medi - vax not protective
natural infec = prev reinfec
Clostridium
chauvoei
BLACKLEG
gangrenous cellulitis and myositis
cattle
latent spores activ thru trauma, injury, vax
typ young robust ani due to aggressive behavior
sheep
thru skin wounds
clin: sudden onset of lameness/death, +/- fever, charac gangrenous cellulitis and myositis
diag: fluor Ab or PCR
prev: vax, abx prophyl in otbrk
novyi
A
BIG HEAD in rams
caused by butting
edematous swelling of head areas
pathog: butting = damaged SQ tis = entrance of clostridia = growth of clostridia = infec
trt: broad spectrum abx
B
BLACK DZ
acute toxemia in sheep
infectious necrotic hepatitis
pathog: liver fluke migr = spores germin in anaer areas = multiply and prod toxin = hepatic necrosis
diag: fluor Ab, PCR
prev: reduce liver flukes, vax
septicum
malig edema = wound infec
horses, cattle, sheep, pigs
enter thru wounds, castration, cmpd fractures, vax w/ irritating substance
clin: lg expanding swellings, fever, death in few hrs to days
tis filled w/ gelatinous exudate
diag: direct FA, PCR; easy to culture, common postmortem contamin
prev: vax prophyl, abx in early dz
BRAXY
hemolyticum
REDWATER DZ
cattle, occ sheep
endospores dormant in liver
assoc w/ liver infarcts caused by liver flukes
infarcts = anaer = spores germin and multiply = prod toxin locally = spread sys = toxin causes intravasc hemolysis = hemolytic anemia and Hgburia
diag: direct FA or PCR of liver
prev/trt: vax prophyl, abx early in dz, elim liver flukes by destruc of snails
perfringens
A
affects num sp and hu
found in soil and intes of warm blooded ani
clin: myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and fasciculitis
alpha toxin
D
PULPY KIDNEY DZ or OVEREATING DZ
clin: hemorr and edema in multi tis
diag: easily cultured, FA or PCR
charac
lg rods, endospore forming, anaer
dz due to toxins
found in soil, intes, feces
endospores
toler adverse environ conditions = resis to drying, heat, irrad, disinfec
histiotoxic = cause serious soft tis infec assoc w/ anaer environ or trauma
produce less potent toxins but invasive
germin after tis injury/reduc O2 tension
Gram neg
Actinobacillus
lignieresii
pyogranulomatous inflamm of soft tis (tongue)
cattle
bact in mouth invade tis thru breaks in lining of mouth
WOODEN TONGUE
clin: drooling, gingerly chewing, tongue protrusion, nodules/ulcers on tongue, facial swelling
dz is progressive and fatal if untreated
diag: clin signs, biopsy tis from lesions postmortem, Gm neg rods on smears, culture show non-hemolytic colony on BA and lac ferm on Mac; biochem rxns confirm
trtmt: isol, abx, treat early,
no vaccine
equuli
septic polyarthritis, neonatal septicemia (mostly dz of young)
found in intes, tonsils, and oral cavity of normal horses of all ages
opportunistic pthgn so stressed = become suscep
transm: foals infected in utero, thru umbilicus, inges, or inhal
clin: older horses = septicemia, nephritis, abortion, fever, dysphagia; young horses = diarrhea, pneumo, septic polyarthritis, high mortality
diag: culture synovial fl, blood, or cervical swabs
prev: vax not widely practiced, may be treated w/ abx
suis
necrotizing pneumo w/ subQ abscesses in neck
many asymp ani carry - not commensal
piglets <2 mo age
clin: rapidly progressing septicemia and endocarditis, cyanosis of extremities, focal hepatic necrosis, splenomegaly
diag: hx/clin, culture, PCR
trtmt/prev: sensi to abx, autogenous vax
pleuropneumoniae
predom pigs <5 mo
found in URT of pigs but not commensal
12 serotypes
transm: direct via close contact of nasal secre, aerosolized in short distances, fomites can transmit for short period
subclin carriers are primary source of infec
clin
acute
pleuropneumo, anorexia, fever, lung hemorr, fibrinous pleuritis, ataxia, cyanosis, "dog sitting", depression, trembling, difficulty swallow, blood leak from nose and mouth, death can occur in 24 hrs
peracute
sudden death w/in 8 hrs, blood froth from mouth, prostrate (?)
appear like endotoxic shock - vasc collapse and cardiac failure
chronic
often seen in ani that survive acute infec or are subclin
anorexia, respir distress (pleuritis), poor wt gain, exercise intolerant, lung lesions at slaughter
pathog: APP prod hemolysin and other toxins = active against endoth c and pulm alveolar M0 = vasculitis in lungs = thrombosis = infarc
sudden death due to endotoxic shock
diff serotypes have diff virulence
if survived = infec individ remain carriers
diag: culture fresh tis, ELISA, hemolysin neutraliz assay, lung lesions
trtmt/prev: sensi to antimic - treat to control shedding; dec ani density, inc air flow, limit stress; vax but serospecific
charac
cannot survive long in environ
facul anaer, non-motile, short rods
forms granules
commensal URT and oral cavity
opportunistic, purulent infec (soft tis)
Parasites
Nematode
Trichinella spiralis
DIRECT life cycle
DH: wild and domestic pigs, hu, any mml
adults live in sm intes
larvae encysted in musc and form nurse c
live primarily in diaphragm, intercostals, masseter, tongue
transmitted to other ani via inges of larvae in nurse c
sources of infec
uncooked garbage, rodents, other wild ani, contamin feed, cannibalism
ZOONOTIC
life cycle
eat musc of infec ani = inges of cyst (nurse c) = larvae emerge and dev into adults = worms mate in intes = male dies and passed in feces = females enters intes mucosa and prod larvae that pass into lymphatics (1 wk post inges) = larvae distrib thru body via circu = larvae leave circu and enter musc c = larvae take over c and become nurse c = later forms cyst wall
viable in cyst for 1 yr and then calcify
PPP = 7-10 d
pigs gen asymp
diag: pooled diges, Ab ELISA on serum/meat juice, trichinoscope
prev: elim garbage feeding, remove carcasses promptly, strict sani, rodent control, freeze at low temps, cook at high temps
wild games meats are freeze resis
Protozoa
Sarcocystis
INDIRECT life cycle
DH: dogs, cats (predator)
sexual stage in sm intes
infec sporocysts shed in feces
IH: cows, sheep, goats (prey)
herbi
musc cysts w/ bradyzoites in musc tis
life cycle
sporocyst = sporozoite = penetrate intes epith = infec endoth c of blood ves = merogony = sarcocysts in musc
clin: commonly asymp; w/ high parasite load = fever, anemia, wt loss, weakness, abortion (tachyzoite invade fetus), reduced milk produc
prev: do not feed dogs offal, keep cats and other carni out of feed bin
other protozoan that invade musc
Trypanosoma cruzi, Hepatozoon americanum, Neospora sp, Toxoplasma gondii