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Principles of Instructed 2nd Language Learning, 3 types:, Free Production,…
Principles of Instructed 2nd Language Learning
Principle VI
Input (Gass and S)
Frequency
Krashen
Motivation
Comprehensible input
Affective filter theory
Input Hypothesis
Affect
Prior Knowledge
Attention
3 kinds (Ellis Ch4)
Baseline
Pre Modified
Interactionally Modified
Principle I
Proficiency
Rule-based competence
FonFs
Explicit Teaching
Accuracy and Form
Message
Formulaic Expressions
FonF
Principle II
Pragmatic
Task- based Approach
Planned
Unplanned
Context
Principle III
Focus on Form
Learner Performance Options
Focused Communication Activities
Production Communication Tasks
Production of Output as the only way to evaluate L2 Acquisition
Teacher's beliefs and assumptions
Comprehension Communication Tasks
Conscious attention (Schmidt)
Pinciple VII
Skehan
"pushed output"-learner´s stretched
Comprehension strategies
Anderson and Lynch(1988)
Comprehension depends on 3 sources of knowledge
-Schematic knowledge
-Contextual knowledge
-Systemic knowledge
Production strategies
Roles for output
To generate better input
To force syntactic processing
To test hypothesis
To develop automaticity
To deveop discourse skills
To develop a personal voice
Principle IV
Explicit Knowledge
Contribution: Accuracy and Form
Implicit Knowledge
Contribution: fluency and confidency in L2
Noticing (Ellis Ch 4)
Intake
Comparing
Integration in the IL
Errors
Hypotheses about the language
Principle V
Learner's built in syllabus (Corder)
Processing Instruction (Xu Fang)
Guidelines (Van Patten)
Principle VIII
social interaction
Interaction Hypothesis (Long, 1996)
Interactional Modifications
Corrective feedback
Recasts
Focused
Attention
Clarification Requests
Covert Feedback (Ellis)
Metalinguistic Information
Overt Feedback (Ellis)
Elicitation
Repetition
Explicit correction
Negotiation of meaning
Mackey
More developmentally advanced structures
Principle IX
Individual differences
Adaptation of tasks and strategies
Dornyei says: "The best motivational intervention is simply to improve the quality of our teaching"
Principle X
Controlled Production
3 types:
tg feature - "natural"
tg feature- "easier"
tg feature- "essential"
Free Production
Roles of Output
Principle XI
subjective selves/new identities
Learning a new language
opportunity to acquire a new symbolic form
change view of reality/world
Teacher's beliefs and assumptions
Noticing the gap activities
bottom up in reading/listening activities
Timing!
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