Sumerian, situated to the south of the old Mesopotamia was the first and the oldest civilization of the world. Emerged from settlements that were unified under military leaders, such as Lugalzagesi, Sagon of Acad, Ur-Nammu and Hammurabi, which we have already mentioned. Its agricultural wealth was based on the control of the technology of periodic floods of the two rivers in the middle of which settled their fields and cities, through a system of dikes, ponds and channels for the irrigation. Numerous Sumerian cities stood out Babylon, its capital, the largest in the world for a thousand years. In addition to writing, develop fundamental inventions to the history of humanity, like: In wood: screw pump (to raise water to very high ground), wheel, potter's wheel, wooden and fur canoes, sailing boats, and rowing boats. In metal: saw, tongs, drills, nails, hammers, hoes, hooks, harpoons, knives, arrowheads, spears, helmets and backs of copper.
Their gods were the sun, the moon, the rivers and the trees. The high priest king was considered the intermediary between the gods and the men. Writing served to engrave the dedications to temples and deities, as well as the real lists, that justified the dynasties and lineages of the monarchs; but also for the control of the population and of the community.