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COPD, Short-acting: Albuterol, Ventolin, Ipratropium, Levalbuterol Long…
COPD
Diagnostics
Ask questions about shortness of breath, cough, family history, and have condition is affecting them
Chest x-ray
can show emphysema
Take temperature, weight, and BMI
Examine ears, eyes, nose, throat for infection
examine fingers for cynosis
check for swelling/edema of legs and feet
Spirometry
blowing into tube to test your lungs
Lung (pulmonary) function tests
CT scan
Arterial blood gas analysis
Evaluate shape of chest(inspection)/
tightness in the chest
Clinical Manifestations
chronic cough
dry cough
dyspnea
frequent respiratory infections
cyanosis
fatigue
phlegm
wheezing
inability to exercise
chest pressure
Risk Factors
obstruction to air obstruction caused emphysima, chronic bronchitis, smoking, low levels alpha 1 defiency
History of childhood respiratory infections
smoking
second hand smoke
exposure to air pollution
working with chemicals, dust and fumes
Alpha 1 defiency
Incidence/Prevalence
In 2014 and 2015, more than 6% of adults aged 40 years or older reported having been diagnosed
Prevalence is higher among adults with lower income, public insurance, and a history of smoking
3rd leading cause of death world wide
Pathogenesis
Starts with damage to the airways and tiny air sacs in the lungs
Progress from a cough to difficulty breathing
the bronchioles become inflamed and then become narrower thus resulting in harder breathing
Emphysema
damage to the alveoli walls
harder to exhale carbon dioxide out of the lungs
Treatment
physical exercise, rescue inhalers, inhaled oral steroids
Short-acting: Albuterol, Ventolin, Ipratropium, Levalbuterol
Long-acting: Aclidinium, Arformoterol, Formoterol, Indacaterol, Tiotropium, Salmeterol, Umeclidinium
bronchodilator
Helps open the airways of the lungs to make breathing easier.
Medication
Steroids
Fluticasone, Budesonide
Modifies or simulates hormone effects to reduce inflammation or for tissue growth and repair.
Reference List
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353685
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/symptoms-causes/syc-20353679
https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/what-causes-copd
https://www.cdc.gov/copd/features/copd-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment.html
https://www.cdc.gov/copd/basics-about.html
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748492