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Chapter 8 Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - What causes a person to hold two such conflicting mind sets?
        
        Distinct Emotion Processing System in the Brain
        
        Fast response system
        
        Involves concious processing
  - - - both emotion pathways rely on circuits at work in the brain's limbic system
      - Situated in the layer above the brain stem
      - undoubtedly evolved as control systems for behaviours used in attack, defense, and retreat: the fight-or-flight response
    - - Brian's built in alarm system
      - works with thalamus and the amygdala to monitor incoming information
      - sets off a cascade of apocalyptic responses that not only arouse the brain but makes heart accelerate, respiration increase, mouth get dry, and your muscles to become tense
    - - plays big role in the concious emotional pathway
        
        interprets events and associates them with memories and feelings
      - lateralization of emotion
        
        Different influences of the two brain hemispheres on various emotions. The left hemisphere apparently influences positive emotions (for example, happiness) and the right hemisphere influences negative emotions (anger, for example)
    - - sends neural responses from brain to the rest of your body
        
        sets off a cascade of automatic responses that not only
        
        makes your heart accelerate
        
        respiration increase
        
        mouth get dry
        
        muscles become tense
      - Brain's built in alarm systen
      - works with the thalamus and amygdala to monitor incoming information
    - - produce various feelings
  - - - The proposal that an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion
    - - The counter proposal that an emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time: One is not the cause of the other. Both were believed to be the result of cognitive appraisal of the situation
    - - Two-factor theory
        
        Emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both physical arousal (factor 1) and an emotion-provoking stimulus (factor 2)
      - Cognitive Appraisal Theory
        
        Theory that individuals decide on an
        appropriate emotion following the event
      - Opponent Process Theory
        
        Theory that emotions have pairs; when
        one is triggered the other is suppressed
  - - - Describes the relationship between arousal and performance; both low and high levels of arousal produce lowerperformance than does a moderate level of arousal
      - suggests that either too little or too much arousal can impact performance
        
        example: professional athletes playing poorly because of too much arousal
    - - In Zuckerman's Theory, individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people
  - - - The ability to understand and control emotional responses
  - - - A device that records or graphs many measures of physical arousal, such as heart rate, breathing, perspiration, and blood pressure.
      - Often called a lie detector even though it is really a lie detector
- - - - Need for achievement
        
        In Murray and McClelland's theory, a mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach some goal
        
        Example: giving up social life in order to make the NBA
    - - Individualism
        
        The view, common in the Euro-American world, that places a high value on idividual achievement and distinction
      - Collectivism
        
        The view, common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction
  - - - Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body
        weight
    - - Complex Issue with no simple answers
    - - Volumetric First
        
        A drop in extracellular fluid levels
      - Osmotic thirst
        
        A drop in intracellular fluid levels
  - - - Sexual Response Cycle
        
        The four stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occuring in both men and women
    - - Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations
  - - - A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options
    - - A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made
    - - A conflict in which one must choose
        between two equally unattractive options
    - - A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects
  - - - whatever sex one is sexually attracted to
    - - cross- cultural studies show considerable variability in the way sexual orientation occurs
- - - - Cohen and Abram identified five stages that occur in the wake of natural disasters
        
        psychic numbness
        
        Automatic action
        
        communal effort
        
        letdown
        
        recovery
    - - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
        
        Delayed Stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily reexperiences emotional, cognitive, and behavioural aspects of past trauma
  - - - A temporary pattern of arousal caused by
        a stressor with a clear onset and offset
    - - A continuous state of stressful arousal
        persisting over time
    - - Sequence of internal processes preparing an organism for struggle or escape
  - - - First stage of the GAS during which the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor
    - - Third stage of the GAS, during which the body adapts to and uses its resources in responding to an ongoing stressor
    - - Third stage of the GAS, during which the body depletes its resources in responding to an ongoing stressor
    - - stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to threat by nurturing and protecying offspring and seeking social support
  - - - bodily organs and responses that protect the body from foreign substances and threats
    - - Multidisciplinary field that studies the influence of mental states on the immune
        system
    - - Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system
    - - Type A and Type B patterns
        
        Type A
        
        behavior pattern characterized by intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations
        
        Type B
        
        behavior pattern characterized by a relaxed, unstressed
        approach to life
    - - Pattern of failure to respond to noxious stimuli after an organism learns its responses are ineffective
    - - Capacity to adapt, achieve well-being,and cope with stress, in spite of serious threats to development
- - - - Fear helped individuals reacted to situations that would have killed them
  - - - The permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society
    - - Sadness
      - Fear
      - Anger
      - Disgust
      - Contempt
      - Happiness
      - Surprise
- - - - Biologically Insigated Motivation
    - - An internal mechanism that selects and directs behaviour. The term motive is often used in the narrower sense of a motivational process that is learned, rather than biologically based
    - - The desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for some external circumstance such as a reward
    - - The desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence, such as a reward
    - - Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire
    - - Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire. Freud's Psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious motivation
    - - The now out-moded view that certain behaviours are completely determined by innate factors
      - The instinct theory was flawed because it overlooked the effects of learning and because it employed instincts merely as labels, rather than as explanations for behaviour
    - - Genetically based behaviours, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus.
      - Replaced the older notion of instinct
    - - In drive theory, need is a biological imbalance (such as dehydration)
      - threatens survival if the need is left unmet. Biological needs are believed to produce drives
      - Homeostasis
        
        The body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to nutrients, water, and temperature
    - - Locus of Control
        
        An individual's sense of where his or her's life influences originate- internally or externally
    - - Hierarchy of Needs
        
        In Maslow's theory, the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic
    - - The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation
        
        for example: child recieving money to play video games