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Source and Spread of Infection (week 1 Basic concepts P33-35), Enveloped…

- - - - Portal of Exit
        The way that a pathogen exits from the reservoir
        humans:
        1.Respiratory呼吸 – Influenza流感 --coughing, sneezing and talking
        2.Alimentary消化不良-Enteric diseases such as cholera霍亂– vomiting嘔吐, diarrhea腹瀉, stool
        3.Genitourinary泌尿生殖系統 -Gonorrhoea淋病, Human immunodeficiency virus人類免疫缺陷病毒– sexually transmitted disease
        4.Transplacental經胎盤的 -Transmission of rubella風疹, hepatitis B– from mother to fetus
        5.Skin -Varicella水痘 causing chickenpox另一種水痘– via skin lesion
        
        Mode of Transmission傳播
        pathogen病原體 travels from the reservoir to the client
        1.Contact transmission – pathogens are transferred from one infected受感染的 person to another
        2.Direct contact – physical contact 身體接觸 with a person who has acquired infection
        3.Indirect間接 contact – pathogen is transmitted through a contaminated intermediate object
        4.Droplet transmission飛沫傳播 – pathogens come into contact with the mucous membranes of a client’s nose, mouth, eyes
        5.Airborne transmission空氣傳播 – pathogens are transmitted to a susceptible host易感宿主 through inhalation of small droplet核子 nuclei of particle size (<5m)
        6.Faecal-oral route糞口途播- contaminated傳播途徑 water, and via inanimate objects such as kitchen utensils，cause gastrointestinal infections
        e.g. Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, hepatitis A