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Learning Theories - Coggle Diagram
Learning Theories
Behaviourisme
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Few of knowledge
According to a behaviourist, learning can be defined as “a relatively enduring change in observable behaviour that occurs as a result of experience".
Behaviourists also shows learning is said to have taken place when the learner shows change in behaviour.
another aspect that can be perceived as a contribution of behaviourism to education is the use of lesson objectives during the instructional process.
Few of learning
the teacher offers a reward to a student when desired behaviours are attained as a conditioned reinforcer.
The teacher has to be committed to dispense tokens quickly after desired behaviours.
Students should be assessed by observing behaviour.
education is the use of the 'drill and practice methodology' during the instructional process.
the scholar/ expert
Miltenberger (2001: 2) in general, behaviour is what people say and do. The theory.
Good and Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a "black box" in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind.
Rizo (1991: 9) argues that "anything that exists, exists in a certain quantity and can be measured".
Dembo, 1994:15). Later, Thorndike developed three laws based on his stimulus-response hypothesis.
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Cognitivism
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Few of knowledge
While assimilation is a process of integrating new information with existing knowledge, accommodation is a process of modification or transformation in existing cognitive structures in response to a new situation.
accretion, which refers to remembering new information on the basis of existing schema without altering the schema.
Provide unifying themes for content, because information that lacks a theme can be difficult to comprehend, or, worse, the learner may “accrete” the information to the wrong schema.
the cognitive approach focuses on making knowledge meaningful and helping learners organize and relate new information to prior knowledge in memory
Few of learning
process “involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information” Few of learning.
the learner as an active participant in the process of knowledge acquisition and integration.This theory describes knowledge acquisition as a mental activity involving internal coding and structuring by the learner.
Instruction should be based on a student’s existing mental structures or schema to be effective.
the scholar/ expert
Yilmaz 2008a: This artificial divide between the theoretical world and the practical world in the eyes of teachers ought to be eliminated if new and innovative reform efforts are to be put into practice successfully in actual classroom settings.
Matlin 1994: is argued that people are neither machines nor animals that respond to environmental stimuli in the same way.
Bruner 1990, In the 1920s, Tolman’s experiment with rats suggested that rats knew how the maze in which they were put was structured because they had its mental map.
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Constructivism
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Few of knowledge
The individual differences existing between learners, their background knowledge and learning styles are often ignored in the conventional classrooms.
Present educational system provide a unique and standardized teaching material to all learners.
focus of teaching learning process on concept development and deep understanding.
Few of learning
learning is supported by teacher scaffolding and authentic tasks.
The teacher presents a topic to the learners and guides them to explore the topic through experimentation.
The learners are encouraged to frame a research question and teacher helps them to answer the research question framed by them through scaffolding.
the scholar/ expert
Dagar V, Yadav A 2016: Constructivism: A Paradigm for Teaching and Learning.
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