Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Learning Theories - Coggle Diagram

Learning Theories

Behaviourisme

information of Learning Theories Behaviourism

concepts of behaviourisme such as 'positive reinforcement' or ‘reward', ‘negative reinforcement', 'extinction' or 'non-reinforcement' and 'punishment'.

major contributions the theory of behaviourism has made to education are;  the provision of behavioural objectives to the instructional process.

the control of the learning environment through the right use of behavioral reinforcement techniques.

Few of knowledge

According to a behaviourist, learning can be defined as “a relatively enduring change in observable behaviour that occurs as a result of experience".

Behaviourists also  shows learning is said to have taken place when the learner shows change in behaviour.

another aspect that can be perceived as a contribution of behaviourism to education is the use of lesson objectives during the instructional process.

Few of learning

the teacher offers a reward to a student when desired behaviours are attained as a conditioned reinforcer.

The teacher has to be committed to dispense tokens quickly after desired behaviours.

Students should be assessed by observing behaviour.

education is the use of the 'drill and practice methodology' during the instructional process.

the scholar/ expert

Miltenberger (2001: 2) in general, behaviour is what people say and do. The theory.

Good and Brophy, 1990). It views the mind as a "black box" in the sense that response to stimulus can be observed quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility of thought processes occurring in the mind.

Rizo (1991: 9) argues that "anything that exists, exists in a certain quantity and can be measured".

Dembo, 1994:15). Later, Thorndike developed three laws based on his stimulus-response hypothesis.

theory inform instruction

behaviour may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of that behaviour to be repeated or punishment, which decreases the likelihood of the same behaviour to be repeated in future.

attention is also accorded to some weaknesses of the theory of behaviourism are discussed as outlined by the critics of the theory in the educational fraternity.

the behaviourists learning is said to have taken place when the learner shows change in behaviour.

Cognitivism

information of Learning Theories Cognitivism

Cognitivism now constitutes an alternative framework for teaching.

Outburst of theoretical and empirical works on such cognitive processes as memory, attention, concept formation, and information Processing within a cognitive framework.

the cognitive school focuses on meaning and semantics (Winn and Snyder 1996).

Few of knowledge

While assimilation is a process of integrating new information with existing knowledge, accommodation is a process of modification or transformation in existing cognitive structures in response to a new situation.

accretion, which refers to remembering new information on the basis of existing schema without altering the schema.

Provide unifying themes for content, because information that lacks a theme can be difficult to comprehend, or, worse, the learner may “accrete” the information to the wrong schema.

the cognitive approach focuses on making knowledge meaningful and helping learners organize and relate new information to prior knowledge in memory

Few of learning

process “involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information” Few of learning.

the learner as an active participant in the process of knowledge acquisition and integration.This theory describes knowledge acquisition as a mental activity involving internal coding and structuring by the learner.

Instruction should be based on a student’s existing mental structures or schema to be effective.

the scholar/ expert

Yilmaz 2008a: This artificial divide between the theoretical world and the practical world in the eyes of teachers ought to be eliminated if new and innovative reform efforts are to be put into practice successfully in actual classroom settings.

Matlin 1994: is argued that people are neither machines nor animals that respond to environmental stimuli in the same way.

Bruner 1990, In the 1920s, Tolman’s experiment with rats suggested that rats knew how the maze in which they were put was structured because they had its mental map.

theory inform instruction

Develop and apply techniques for students to use to impose structure on what they learn and thus make it more memorable.

Represent what the experts know in order to facilitate the learning process and use case-based reasoning for knowledge representation.

Make instructional material meaningful by identifying the learner’s mental.

Constructivism

information of Learning Theories Constructivism

the part of the students and does not involve students in creative thinking and participation in the creative part of activities.

Most of the time, during teaching learning process, instruction remains unilateral which is considered to be an orthodox activity.

classroom environment is teacher centered which makes learning process boring for less competent students.

Few of knowledge

The individual differences existing between learners, their background knowledge and learning styles are often ignored in the conventional classrooms.

Present educational system provide a unique and standardized teaching material to all learners.

focus of teaching learning process on concept development and deep understanding.

Few of learning

learning is supported by teacher scaffolding and authentic tasks.

The teacher presents a topic to the learners and guides them to explore the topic through experimentation.

The learners are encouraged to frame a research question and teacher helps them to answer the research question framed by them through scaffolding.

the scholar/ expert

Dagar V, Yadav A 2016: Constructivism: A Paradigm for Teaching and Learning.

theory inform instruction

Group discussions/Group activities (reciprocal Learning).

Use of learning strategies for social and emotional learning of students