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mass movement in evolution of cliffs - Coggle Diagram
mass movement in evolution of cliffs
Sub-aerial processes
Weathering
Physical mechanical
Freeze thaw/Frost shattering
Water in cracks and joints freezes and expands by 9%
Salt crystallisation
salt gets in cracks and expands
Optimum temperature 27C
Salt expands by 300%
Exfoliation
Expanding and contracting rocks
Chemcial
carbonation
acids attack calcium carbonation
Weakends integrity of rock
rockfalls
Hydrolysis
attacks feldspar in granite
oxidation of iron
corrisive
Biological
plants and roots widen cracks
halophytic plants
resistant to salt
Weakens the rock
heavy rain
throughflow
reduces internal resistance of rock
porous
clay
permeable
sandstone
Marine processes
hydraulic action
sheer force of water hitting foot of cliff
wave cut notch
material used for abrasion
rockfalls
abrasion
material thrown againts base of cliff
material from rockfall of freeze thaw
solution
chemical weathering
geology
structure of rocks
soft and porous layer on top of impermeable
top heavy layer
slumping
unconsolidated rock
e.g. glacial tilt
soft and prone to erosion
Slumping
resistance rocks
rockfalls
Dip of layers
Hrad rocks away from sea
Hard rock sloping towards sea