Mating gene in Fusarium oxysporum (related articles)

Mating type loci in Fusarium:
Structure and function
Waalwijk, C., Keszthelyi, A., Van Der Lee, T., Jeney, A., De Vries, I., Kerenyi, Z., … Hornok, L. (2006). Mating type loci in Fusarium: Structure and function. Mycotoxin Research, 22(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02954558

genetic factors effecting sexual reproduction
in toxigenic fusarium species
Hornok, L., Waalwijk, C., & Leslie, J. F. (2007). Genetic factors affecting sexual reproduction in toxigenic Fusarium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119(1–2), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.026

Molecular background of sexual
reproduction

deletion of MAT genes modified
transcript profile of mutants

conclusion of review paper

introduction

An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi
Wallen, R. M., & Perlin, M. H. (2018, March 21). An overview of the function and maintenance of sexual reproduction in dikaryotic fungi. Frontiers in Microbiology. Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00503

major source of variation, meiotic recombiantion

asexual fungi, high mycotoxin production

mycotoxin is secondary metabolite,
same mycotoxin profile
but differ in quantitative production.

homothallic: complete sexual
cycle by mating themselves (MAT1 &MAT2)
heterothallic: need partner to complete sex cycle either
MAT1/MAT2

MAT loci being transcribed asexual F. oxysporum

MAT 1: MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2,MAT1-1-3
MAT2: MAT1-2-1

MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 is major regulators in sexual
communication as they carry α-box domain and HMG-box

MAT1-2-1 mutant: down regulated genes are the genes
that have role in matiing

suggest that MAT gene products have multiple
regulatory roles

can study the genes regulation

female sterility-reduced female
fertility

deletion in
homothallic: cause female sterility
hetero: cause both female and male sterility

cause of female sterilty

host preferences

block by FpmtrI- amino acid transporter
gene.express

might function as
sensor /receptor protein

Fphch gene (conserved in
G.fujikuroi)

inactivation reduces sexual fertility

MAT genes in asexual fungi
regulated other portions of life cycle

in MAT1-2-1 deletion
numerous up and down regulated gene
involve

loss of female sterility might cause
the shift toward asexual cycle

introduction

advantage of sexual &
asexual

asexual: suit that already
adapted to particular env.

sexual: can lead to change of
gene pool and increase infection
and spread in host

synteny of mating type locus btween
Fusarium spp.

Gene expressing profiling

Function of mating genes
in Fusarium spp.

sexual struct similar to
sexual relatives: F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum

MAT1-2 mostly used,
HMG-box highly conserved
across fungal kingdom

control pheromone genes and
genes encode pheromone receptors

asexual of individual fungi might due to
other gene tht required for mating

give mating identity

Deletion of MAT1-2 in
F.verticilloides

60 clones of known
protein upregulated and 57
dwnregulated

nitrilase: biosynthesis
signalling molecules
opsin like protein: light response
protein involve in stress response

introduction

Fusarium oxysporum

sexual repro: to improve
strains (plant pathogen, industrial)

meiosis serve as DNA
damage repair

contain novel type of peptide
precursor.

pheromone precursor : sensing/ sending signals
to potential host plant

in plant patho interaction
they can sense the host and
grow in that direction

fungal hyphae moved based on peroxidase
release by plants.

pheromones results in chemotrophic
response

signals received by the pheromone receptor can change the growth of the fungal hyphae in the direction of a potential host

The roles of sexual and asexual reproduction in the origin and dissemination of strains causing fungal infectious disease outbreaks
Ashu, E. E., & Xu, J. (2015). PT. MEEGID. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.019

introduction

Emerging modes of fungal infectious disease outbreaks

The role of sexual and asexual reproduction in the introduction of novel strains

The role of sexual and asexual reproduction in outbreak expansion

pathogenic fungi they are able to:
-adhere to host surfaces
-penetrate host external surfaces &migrate
-circumvent host defense & multiply

genes involve in pathogenic
get through gene duplication,
mutation & selection

external factors known to influence
asexual and sexual reproduction

infectious disease outbreak

introduction of novel strains

significant changes to
host population

changes to the envi from
which host pathogen interact

exotic introduction of existing or novel fungal strains from one location to another new geographic environments

basexual repro & mutation

generation of novel strains
by sex repro, including HGT

asex: can initiate disease outbreaks
by complex duplication& deletion
events

asexual fungi: have large no of
mutation that lead to fixation
of a better mutants

generate novel strain from sex dev
once pathogen adapt toward host envi

relative amount of sexual&
asexual occurring reproduction
can estimated based on female
fertile strains.

evolution of asexual repro
can induce rapid and permanent loss
of sexuality

sex and asexual work synergistically
in outbreak expand

fungal outbreaks expanded
asexually

outbreak started with sex recombination.
-due to adaptation, asexual repro
takes place

RESEARCH PAPER (LATEST)

Structure-activity relationship of α mating pheromone from the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum
Vitale, S., Partida-hanon, A., Serrano, S., & Martínez-del-pozo, Á. (2017). Structure-activity relationship of α mating pheromone from the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.766311

INTRODUCTION

to understand how
α-pheromone interact, activate cognate GPCR Ste2, which play role in chemotrophic grow toward host

3D structure of α-pheromone reveals
the presence of central β-turn essential for chemoattractant activity
The

structural characteristic
of α-pheromone in
F. oxysporum

In S. cerevisiae, mating gene secretes
phermones peptide (a&alpha)

function: sexual chemoattractant.
move toward opposite mating type

alpha factor plays role in
receptor activation, signaling pathways

BUT

In ascomyctes, alpha pheromone
share low no seq similarity in yeast

F. oxysporum, α-pheromone
have chemoattractant activity

shorter peptide, and gave 2 cystein,
(disulphide bond)

presence of 2 cysteines in F. oxysporum but the regulation still unknown

both have β-turn, a charged residue (Arg in F. oxysporum and Lys in S. cerevisiae)

act as molecular
antenna , role in intermolecular
interactions

3D struc resembles in
S. cerevisiae

conclusion

α-pheromone elicits a robust chemotropic response in germ tubes of F. oxysporum, which is dependent on the cognate GPCR Ste2

  • both contain central
    β-turn with AA

chenoattarction require
G6 & Q7, not W1 &C2

G6 & Q7 maintain the 3D structure

suggest tht, activation
Ste2 mediated chemotropic
growth depend on secondary β-turn structure of α-pheromone

α-pheromone have defined
structure

α-pheromone involve in
diff biological process
-polarity orientation
-cell cycle control

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF MATING TYPE GENES IN ASEXUALLY REPRODUCING FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM AND F. CULMORUM

Sex-specific gene expression during asexual development of Neurospora crassa

Presence and Functionality of Mating Type Genes in the Supposedly Asexual Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae

female fertile are favoured in sexual
reproduction

CONTINUE..
Autocrine pheromone signalling regulates community behaviour in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum

Functional analyses of individual mating-type transcripts at MAT loci in Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium asiaticum

introduction

F.graminearum is homothallic pathogenic fungi

causal agent of Fusarium head blight

carry another MAT gene that was MAT1-2-1 but no effect on sexual reproduction

from study, MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 are essential for mating and mating type specificity

conclusion

in MAT1-1-1 mutant, they produced smaller and thicker perithecium walls, indicate importance in perithecia formation

the MAT1-1-1 mutant are reduced in virulence in corn stalk assays conducted

in out crosses, mat1-1-1 mutant displayed male-specific defect, although normal in female fertility

in post perithecial induction, MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2, the expression peaked at 1 dpi

MAT1-1-1 may have enhanced sensitivity in overcoming other plant defensive response (phytoalexins)

approach used in identification of mating genes

molecular identification
PCR reaction

targetting alpha box & HMG box domain

to conclude that, F.oxysporum and F.culmorum have a potentially heterothallic origin

no sexual structure observed must be caused due to something other than MAT

asexual F.oxysporum and F.culmorum have been detect MAT genes

study the expression level for both mating types throughout vegetative dev

characterized for

mating types genes

pheromone precursor and receptor

genes related to conidiation

light responsive genes

level of conservation within eukaryotes

regulation of expression of pheromone precursor and receptors from mating type genes

the receptor expression pre-1 in mat A show same pattern peak at 60h

in this study, no evidence of sexual reproduction being observed

the expression of ccg-4 and mfa-1 xsolely depend on mat gene

pre-pheromone encode by ccg-4 and mfa-1 being translated into mature pheromone

cryptic sex in fungi

overview of the articles

sex preserves beneficial and removes deleterious mutations

MAT is used to differentiate their sexually compatible

asexual spores producers: deuteromyctes/fungi imperfecti

sex will combine a good traits from 2 parents provide offspring that can survive in changing env

in some asexual fungi, their sexuality can be induced (Candida albicans

now: mitosporic/anamorphic fungi

in Aspergillus fumigatus, their MAT1, pheromone receptor and other sex genes is being expressed.

sex was induced MAT1-MAT2 for 6 month,

its considerd that sex cycles knowledge will greatly facilitate future sexual crossing approach

demonstrated that, cryptic sexual cycle will be importance to understand how diverse fungi evolved,

fundamentals for potential applications

orchestration of sexual reproduction and virulence by the fungal mating type locus

overview of the articles

sex and virulence

Malassesia globosa

structure and evolution of MAT locus (ustilago hordei)

molecular struc of MAT 1st characterized in S.cerevisiae

in basidiomyctes, a loci: encode pheromone funct as cell signalling during mating

b loci: transcribes 2 homodomain protein to express gene involve in completing the cycle

diff in size

reside on human and animal skin

share the same homology with U.hordei

the sequence a and b lack of repititive sequence

in rust fungi,cells unable to mate are avirulent;cant produce filementous struct to grow

sex serves as defending mechanism for virus infection

mating is rare, low chance of mating.distribution of a and b loci

ssexual cycle vital in generate spores, cause infection

fungal sex receptors recalibrated to detect host plants

pathogenicity of the F.oxysporum start with choosing the right host to infect

fungi survivality based on suitable host plant and ability to overcome host defense

plant will produce chemical by which to attract beneficial relay with m/o

exp: produce hormones, strigolactones that attarct mychorrhizal fungi.

to combat pathogenic fungi, the root produce various antimicrobials

F.oxysporum hijack this E. activity by migrate toward tomato roots, and colonized.

Mitogen activated protein kinase signalling cascades involve

mutant lack MAPK cascades lost ability in sensing peroxidase

pathogens track the host tru peroxidase serve as reporter of wounded sites

but how F.oxysporum manage to overcome antimicrobial peroxidase

mat gene were increasingly expressed over asexual course

Fungal mating pheromones: Choreographing the dating game

Sex and Virulence of Human Pathogenic Fungi

Orchestration of sexual reproduction and virulence by the fungal mating-type locus

Mating in mushrooms: increasing the chances but prolonging the affair

Transduction of pheromone signal

recognize by G-protein coupled receptors

best studied GPCR in S. cerevisiae

GPCR recently, involved in mating

The MAP Kinase signalling cascade

pheromone activation of GPCR initiate sgnal transduction cascades-MAPK pathways

activation of ste12, the T.factor req for mating

Mating MAPK signalling cascade 1-s2.0-S1087184511000806-gr4

output from pheromone signalling

Ste12 mediated T.of genes involve in mating

formation of polarized mating projections-promote growth 2ward mating partner

G1 cell cyle arrest-allow fusion of unreplicated nuclei during karyogamy

post cell fusion roles for mating pheromones

pheromones essential for events lead to cellular fusion

use spheroplast to induced fusion efficiently

budding yeast of mating system

pheromones secreted as chemoattractant-cell fusion

the pheromones and receptors

2 type of pheromones

2 types of receptor, Ste3p and Ste2p

mating happen in mushroom, carry A and B gene

Ustilago maydis, carry same set

Prf1 -pheromone respone factor in U.maydis

clp1 and pcc1 -regulating clamp-cell development

however, no role of cAMP pathway in mating in mushroom still unknown

sex related not only fitness but also virulence

dandruff fungus-Malassesia globosa,mating occur in host skin

ustilago maydis

sex and virulence

some pathogenic fungi only will produced infectious struc after mating

cell cant mate, fail to cause pathogen

mating need cues from host to complete sexual cycle

in ascomycetes, spores vital to cause infection

sex reproduction-mantain virulence traits

potential to retain in population

human pathogenic fungi

most common, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus

ability in cause disease, relate to sexual reproduction

MATING TYPE LOCI-sex determining

in ascomyctes, bipolar mating syst

pheromone important in formation of heterodimer and mate

fungi have either bipolar or tetrapolar mating syst

mating type locus in A. fumigatus

genes for pheromones, receptor and components for pheromone signalling pathway identifies

mat is express3ed and suggest it may competent for mate

role of sex in pathogenesis

spore is the main pathogenic in the fungi

sex reproduction not observed in cryptococcus

alpha mating type is more virulent compare to a strain

but they r infectious

structure and function of mating type genes in Cochliobolus spp. and asexual fungi

mating type genes in ascomycetes

ascomycetes have bipolar mating syst

mating specific homologs are functionally interchangeble among species

cochliobolus heterostrophus MAT deletion strains

constructed gene using gene replacement method

all deletions cause complete sterility

mating identity can be switched, by replacing with others

heterologous expression

when mat gene from related species transformed into C.heterostrophus, they become homothallic

indicate MAT gene is well conserved

ascospores production involve MAT transgenes

Management of fusarium wilt of banana: special reference to Tropical race 4

banana host

most valuable agricultural commodities

staple food in africa, asia, tropical america

most significant group, Cavendish type

most important export

Fusarium wilt

wide range of host disease

most destructive in all plant disease

TR4 was competent in good soils

they infect roots of susceptibles cultivars

over 20 VCG are recognized in the pathogen

race 4 affect race 1&2 susceptible cultivars

epidimiology

foc survived decade in soils and banana free rotation ineffectives

chlamydospores (stay dormant)

insects might be a vector disease

management

quarantine and exclusion

cultural measures

chemical measures, fungicides

physical measures

Biocontrol

Sex-specific gene expression during asexual development of Neurospora crassa

N. crassa, heterothallic model fungi-bipolar mating sytem

regulatory interactions with mating type complicate conidial gene expression

mating type genes showed no mating type specific regulation on expression of pheromone

mat a-1=encode HMG box
mat A= carry 3 genes, alpha box

pheromones being maintaines in asexual life cycle

mating specific expression in P. anserina, S. macrospora: metabolism, information pathway, transport and developmental pathways

ccg gene (conidial gene)

ccg being expressed similar in both loci

con 8 is expressed in older cultures at a high level

expression of ccg4 and mfa-1 being observed

mutant of ccg and mfa1 is totally lost fertility

mutant showed no chemoattarctant activityand exhibit normal protoperithecial dev

pre-pheromoned encode by ccg4 and mfa1, transcribed and translated

dev of protoperithecia require growth conditions