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Quantitative Data - Coggle Diagram
Quantitative Data
Experimental Studies
Variables
Cause-and-effect inference
Independent + dependent variable, including controlled variables
Sampling
Random
Stratified
Self-selected
Opportunity
Convenience
Generalizability
External validity
Population validity
Ecological validity
Construct validity
Credibility
internal validity
controlling confounding variables
Bias
Threats to internal validity
Selection
History
Maturation
Testing effect
Intrumentation
Regression to the mean
Experimental mortality
Experimenter bias
Demand characteristics
Types of Experiments
True laboratory experiment
True field experiment
Natural experiment
Quasi-experiment
Correlational Studies
Limitations
causation cannot be inferred
problem of third variable
curvilinear relationship
spurious correlations
Bias
if observations are used for data collection then those the biases concerning that are implemented
curvilinear relationships
third variable
spurious correlations
Sampling
similar to experimental stutdies
Correlational Research
effect sizes and statistical significance
positive and negative correlation
bidrectional ambiguity
Generalizability
population validity
construct validity
Variables
no manipulation of variables
no IVs or DVs
measured and relationship is quantified
Research Methods
Laboratory experiments
Field experiments
Quasi and natural experiments
Correlational studies
Hypotheses
Research Design
Repeated measure design
Independent samples design
Matched pairs design
Hypotheses
experimental hypothesis
null hypothesis (rejection)
Descriptive Studies
used to conduct broad investigations
Variables
approached separately
no investigation into relationship between variables