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Sex hormones - Coggle Diagram
Sex hormones
Implantation
before sperm fertilise it must capacitate:
- cAMP levels rise
- whip like tail
- remove glycoprotein coat
- ovum releases allurin to attract sperm
- protein fertilin alows sperm to bind to ovum via integrin*
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- egg makes contact with epithelium
- trophoblast egg outside releases trophoblast
- egg grows into the endometrium
- trophoblast tunnel into the lining
- trophoblast disintegrates into the placenta
placenta:
- trophoblast diffrentiates into multinucleate syncytriotrophoblasts
- invades *decidual tissue to make cavities with maternal blood
Reproductive physiology
spermatogenesis:
- converts germ cells into motile sperm
- occurs in seminiferous tubules
mitotic proliferation is when spermatogonia divides:
- 1 daughter is undifferentiated
- 1 daughter divides 2x into spermatocytes
meiotic division
- spermatocytes divides into haploids (double stranded)
- haploids divides into spermatids
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sertoli cell
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secretes:
- seminiferous tubule fluid (to carry cell along pressure gradient)
- androgen binding protein (binds testosterone)
- inhibin (regulates FSH + controls spermatogenesis)
- mullerian inhibiting factor
testes are regulated by:
gonadotrophin releasing hormone that secretes FSH (enhances spermatogenesis and LH (regulates testosterone secretion)
ovarian cycle
follicular phase
primary follicle
- a primary oocyte surrounded granulosa cell
- can produce a ovum
- before puberty they degenerate into scar tissue
secondary follicle
- oocyte grows and differentiates
- phase ends with ovulation
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Parturition
before:
- Braxton Hick's contractions
- relaxin softens cervix
- pelvis relax
- foetus breeches cervix
initiate:
- increase of CRH
- increase of oestrogen
- more oxytocin increases Ca for uterine contraction
labour 1:
- amniotic sac breaks
- cervix dilates to accommodate head
labour 2:
- baby moves from cervix to vagina
- stretch receptors trigger uterine contractions
- baby is freed by cutting umbilical cord
labour 3:
- delivery of placenta
- placenta separates from myometrium
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Reproductive development
male
testes:
- to produce + secrete sperm
- 80% is made up of seminiferous tubules
- between is leydig cells
- sertoli cells support spermatogenesis
testes develop within the abdomen and then drop into the scrotal sac -
- spermatogenesis requires a lower temperature
- cryptorchidism: adult with testes that have not dropped
testosterone produced by leydig cells:
- triggers male specific embryonic development
- triggers puberty
- controls gonadotrophin stimulating hormone
- promotes growth
- facial oil secretion
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female
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menopause:
- 5th decade of life
- FSH increase
- other female sex hormones drop and so does breast size
- susceptible to osteoporosis
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Lactation
breasts:
lobules (progesterone) -> duct (oestrogen) -> nipple
- hPL + prolactin triggers milk production enzymes
suckling:
triggers secretion of prolactin (production) + oxytocin (ejection)
colostrum: milk during first 5 days
Determining sex
embryos are by default female, 2 ducts exist but then change once sex has been determined:
male:
- wolffian ducts developed
triggered by:
- testosterone
- mullerian inhibiting hormone
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