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Cell Reproduction - Mitosis & Meiosis, Crossing - Over, Mitosis and…

- - - - 3 In G0, cells go about its metabolic business and not preparing to divide, so its a non- dividing state.
        
        4 In S, a cell copies its chromosomes by duplicating its genetic material (DNA)
        
        5 G2, cells make proteins and other cellular components needed for division.
        
        6 Division process.
        It is divided in 4 phases: Telophase, Anaphase, metaphase and prophase
        
        During interphase, the cell increases in size; duplicates its DNA, produces components division.
        
        3 major states of interphase: G1, S and G2
        
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- - - - Metaphase - All of the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles
        
        Anaphase - The sister chromatids detach and move toward opposite sides of the cell
        
        Telophase - Two clusters of chromosomes reach opposite spindle poles. A new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster.
- - - - MEIOSIS II: Each new nucleus contains one of each chromosome, so it is haploid. The chromosomes still have two sister chromatids.
        
        GAMETES: Sorted into four new nuclei. Each still has one copy of each chromosome, so it is haploid. Female gametes are eggs. Male gametes are sperms.
  - - - Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes are align between spindles poles, microtubules have attached the them to opposite spindle poles.
        
        Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and begin moving toward the spindle poles.
        
        Telophase I: A set of chromosomes clusters at each spindle pole, nuclear envelope forms around each set, so two haploid nuclei form.
    - - Prophase II: Chromosomes condense. Spindle microtubules attach to each sister chromatid as the nuclear envelop breaks up
        
        Metaphase II: Same as Metaphase I but Spindle microtubules have attached their sister chromatids to opposite spindle poles.
        
        Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite spindles poles, each becomes and individual chromosome.
        
        Telophase II: A complete set of them clusters at both ends of the cell, nuclear envelope forms around each set, so four haploid nuclei form.