Instructor/ educator aiding in own understanding of learners outcomes and roles so learners moved to understand own conclusion in order to build knowledge

This theory says that human learns from process of changing behavior when something are introduced to them. So, based on this theory humans learn when they response to stimulus in the required behaviour.

Learner learns when there is a stimulus that leads to response. So the response to the stimulus will be the output from the learning process.

Pavlov theory on stimulus to response ( S to R ) relationship has been improved by Skinner by inserting a new term “Reinforcement” in between of stimulus and response relationship. The reinforcement can be in positive or negative form ( reward or punishment ) to obtain he required behaviour from the learner.

Pavlov developed beaviourist theory by focusing to the concept of “Conditioning”. Based on Pavlov perspective,“Conditioning” strengthens the stimulus-response links that includes the uses of stimulus to trigger certain behaviour through drilling or repetition basis. It also includes reflexes or responses that are evoked from a specific stimulus. So, by presenting the stimulus to the learners, they will be able to know what to expect, hence aiding learners in obtaining the required behaviour.

that includes the uses of stimulus to trigger certain behaviour through drilling or repetition basis. It also includes reflexes or responses that are evoked from a specific stimulus. So, by presenting the stimulus to the learners, they will be able to know what to expect, hence aiding learners in obtaining the required behaviour.

Based on this theory, learners learn when there is new information / knowledge transmitted from teachers to student, student will assimilate the information presented by teacher then the knowledge is manipulated, stored and used when needed. The process of rehearsing will help to store the knowledge in long term memory so it can be used whenever it’s needed.

Behaviourism theory can be use in learning or applied in instructional materials by setting learning objectives and outcome on the aspect of learner’s behaviours that need to be changed. So the objectives should be applied during the beginning of the lesson when a teacher wants to introduce the content of a lesson. Learning is inferred from behaviour, so it is important to identify the goal behaviour.

Atkinson & Shriffin developed cognitivism learning theory by explain how brain are functioning. It’s started by information input from environment that will be received and stored briefly in sensory memory before the information transfered to short term memory and long term memory. This model actually are borrowed from computer science, as reflected in terms like input, processing, and output.

Working Memory theory was proposed by Baddeley & Hitch after they find out that IPM did not explain the underlying semantic processing in learner’s mind. Based on Baddeley theory knowledge (input) are received by working memory (storage and processing), the input will transmited to visuo-spatial sketchpad, central executive, and phonological loop before it’s enter the long term memory, meanwhile unused memory will also go through this process in vice versa way.

This theory can be applicated through:

• Note cards & mind maps
• Session quizzes for each lesson

All knowledge is constructed (created) by the learner inside their head so knowledge is product of our own construction. Humans construct new knowledge from experience.People only construct meaning, understanding, and knowledge through experience and reflection but learning occurs when students are actively engaged in the process.

Learners construct new understandings using what they already know, and prior knowledge influences what new or modified knowledge they will construct from new learning experiences.

1.Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years) - understand through sensors.

2.Pre-operational stage (2 to 7 years) - understand/develop language and memory through mental images.

3.Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 years) - develops logical thinking and concrete referencing.

Formal Operation (12 years and onwards) - Understands world through hypothetical thinking, abstract thinking, and scientific reasoning.