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LEARNING TEORIES - Coggle Diagram
LEARNING TEORIES
COGNITIVISM
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David P. Ausebel- The learning process is meaningful by presenting new subject matter by connecting relevant concepts that already exist in the cognitive structure of students. Between the meaningful learning steps such as advance organizer, progressive differentials, integrative reconciliation and consolidation.
Jerome Bruner-Discovery learning encourages students to discover principles through experimentation and application. According to him, there are three ranks that normal children pass through in their cognitive development, namely enactive, iconic and symbolic.
Jean Piaget,- Cognitive development is a genetic process that is based on the development of the nervous system. Learning is a process of identifying and integrating new stimuli / information. Schemata go through the assimilation, accommodation and equilibration stages.
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List view of knowledge
Used when the learner plays an active role in seeking ways to understand and process information that he or she receives and relate it to what is already known and stored within memory.
The theory is based on the idea that humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli (i.e. that think about what is happening)
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CONSTRUCTIVISME
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Jean Piaget states the formation of mental structure through scheme, assimilation and accommodation. Schema seen as a group of concepts, assimilation is the event of matching new information with old information that has happened to a person and meanwhile accommodation is something that happens when new information and old information does not return matches are then compared and aligned with old information. Balance will be achieved when students recognize new information.
Jerome Bruner- learning is through discovery; concept formation. Discovery learning is based on research, constructivist learning theory that occurs in problem solving situations where students use existing experience and existing knowledge to find out new facts and relationships and truths that need to be learned.
Lev Vygotsky- inspired that the Proximal Development Zone is related to socio-cultural approaches. Knowledge development is influenced by the surrounding social environment. The knowledge, attitudes, thoughts, value systems that students have will develop through the process of interaction. An important concept in Vygosky's theory is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and Scaffolding.
List view of knowledge
Learning is based on how the individual interprets and creates the meaning of his or her experiences.
Based on the premise that we all construct our own perspective of the world, based on individual experiences and internal knowledge.
Knowledge is constructed by the learner and since everyone has a different set of experiences and perceptions, learning is unique and different for each person
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BEHAVIOURISM
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Edward Lee Thorndike- He is best known for his emphasis on the application of 'precise science' methods to educational problems. he advocates for obtaining accurate quantitative information. Its main contribution to behavior is its theory of ‘relationshipism’, which states that learning involves the formation of a relationship between stimulus and response. Later, Thorndike developed three laws based on his stimulus-response hypothesis: 1) 'law of impact'. 2) 'training law'. 3) 'law of readiness'
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov- Pavlov is known for his contributions to behavioral theory mostly through his work in classical conditioning or stimulus replacement. Pavlov's most famous experiment involved a dog, food and a bell.
Skinner- Operating mechanisms involve Skinnerian concepts such as 'positive reinforcement' or 'reward', 'negative reinforcement', 'extinction' or 'non-reinforcement' and 'punishment'. Skinner has made many significant contributions to behavioral development.
John Watson- argues that behavior is formed through stimulus-response stimuli through conditioning. He demonstrates classical conditioning in experiments involving a baby named Albert and a rat.
List view of knowledge
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New behaviors or changes in behaviors are acquired through associations between stimuli and response
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