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History of Deaf Education in America - Coggle Diagram
History of Deaf Education in America
1) The Milan Congress
In 1880, educators from around the world met for the second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
Many who attended, had the goal to outlaw the use of sign language
Only 1 out of the 164 representatives was deaf
It was decided that the oral method would be preferred over sign language
At the fourth Congress in 1900, a combined system of both speech and signing was proposed, but failed in the end
3) Segregation Within Deaf Education
Women were not allowed to attend Gallaudet College until 23 years after its opening
The first confirmed black student to be admitted at Gallaudet College is James Gilbert and Andrew J. Foster was the first black student to graduate
Once schools were made to be integrated, the black schools would merge into the white school and any education about black culture, history or issues was forgotten
2) Results of the Milan Congress
Separation of manualists and oralists in the U.S.
Deaf teachers were thought to be "unfit"
In another battle against the banning of sign language, deaf leaders through the National Association of the Deaf, produced 18 films featuring deaf and hearing people signing
4) Discrimination
Deaf people continue to face discrimination, with people telling them to learn to speak or pitying them
Eugenics have been used past and present to oppress deaf people
Alexander Graham Bell was a big part of the eugenics field in the early 1900s and his main goal as to prohibit marriage between deaf and hearing people to prevent deaf children from being born
The word "audism" was created by Tom Humphries, who needed a word to use in his dissertation and has since become a topic of discussion
5) Past Attitudes Towards the Deaf
Ancient Times:
The general thought of philosophers was that deaf people were hopeless and unable to express themselves appropriately
Ancient Greece:
Deaf and disables children were considered "non-human" and were killed
Ancient Rome:
Justinian Law recognized the differences among deaf people and created 5 classifications of deafness and muteness
Biblical Times:
Hebrews and Romans recognized the difference between people who were born deaf and those who became deaf later. In Romans 10:17 on the New Testament, it is said that "faith comes from hearing the message" therefore deaf people were generally excluded.
Nineteenth Century:
The Milan conference and Graham Bell's attempts to phase out deaf people are examples of the ideology of the time that deaf people need to be "fixed"
Twentieth Century:
Throughout Hitler's regime in WWII, thousands of deaf Germans were sterilized, books on deaf and disabled education were burned. Thousand of deaf and disabled people were sent to concentration camps and out of the 150,000 disabled people put to death, 1,600 of them were deaf