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Altruism: Helping Other's - Coggle Diagram
Altruism: Helping Other's
Prosocial Behaviors:
any act performed with the intent of helping another person
Casual Helping
Daily small tasks such as lending someone a pen
Substantial Personal Helping
Large tasks that make someone go out of their way such as pet sitting
Emotional Helping
Being a support for someone, such as listening to their problems
Emergency Helping
High risk situations such as helping a car accident victim
Theories that explain why people help others
Evolutionary Psychology and Social Norms
Kin Selection:
One is more likely to help relatives than strangers
Social Norms:
Expectations set by society
Reciprocity Norm
Expectation to help those who have previously helped us
The reverse is also expected
Social Responsibility Norm
People in society who are able must help those who are disabled
Empathy Altruism Hypothesis
pure altruism is most likely to come into play when we experience empathy for the person in need
when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help purely for altruistic reasons, that is, regardless of what we have to gain.
Social Exchange Theory
people try to maximize their gains and minimize their costs when interacting with others
People are more likely to help if doing so rewards them for their efforts
Why and When Do People Help: Bystanders and Upstanders
Negative-State Relief Hypothesis
people help so that they, themselves, can feel better if they were in a negative mood to begin with
Urban-Overload Hypothesis
people who live in cities tend to turn their focus inward in an attempt to buffer themselves from the constant barrage of stimulation from the lights, sounds, and multitude of people in the city
Thus people are less likely to notice when others are in need of help
those who live in calmer, quieter, less crowded environments have no need to turn inward, and are, therefore, able to turn their thoughts outward to their environment
Thus people are very likely to notice when others are in need of help
Research supports the urban over-load hypothesis
Compassion Fatigue
Occurs when someone encounters many individuals who need help but because of the large number is unable to help everyone
The Bystander Effect
The more people there are around the person in need, the less likely people are to help
Occurs because of the assumptions "Someone else will stop and help"
5 cognitive steps
Noticing the event - Does the person pay attention to the situation?
Interpreting the event as an emergency - Is the situation an emergency?
Assuming responsibility - Does the bystander assume responsibility?
Knowing how to help - Does the individual have the skills to help?
Deciding to help - Does the person choose to help?
The Upstander Effects
An UPSTANDER is an individual who acts to make a positive difference in the life of an individual or inspires change in the community
Good Samaritan Laws
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European countries have "good Samaritan" laws that make it an actual crime not to summon aid or personally help someone in serious distress
Whom do we help?
People are more likely to help others that demonstrate similar behaviours to their own and appear similar
Men are more likely to help women than help other men
Being on the Receiving End of Altruism
Receiving help can be positive but can also make us feel inadequate
Receiving help can be threatening
People with high self-esteem tend to react more negatively to help, than those with low self-esteem.
The greater the similarity between the helper and helpee, the more threatening the help is perceived.
The type of relationship the helper and helpee have and the area in which the help has been received.