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Morality, Religion & Justice - Coggle Diagram

- - - - cultural diversity in moral judgements is deep, genuine, unique and is guided by fundamentally diff moral principles
- - - - no true objective justification as to why Level 3 must be the finishing line of moral maturity
    - - moral principles we embody often emerge from and depend on social, cultural and historical contexts
      - moral constructs such as fairness are open to very diff cultural interpretations
  - - - all cultural groups, no adult was at level 1
      - Children were generally at level 1
      - in all cultural groups, at least some adults at level 2
      - every urban western sample had at least some adults at level 3
      - No tribal societies had any adult at level 3
- - - - individuals are expected to adapt themselves to the ordained moral code of the transcendant authority
      - committed to the idea of a transcendent authority
    - - reject the view that a transcendant authority reveals itself and its will to humans
      - hence, humans play an integral role in the formulation of a moral code
      - emphasize the importance of human agency in understanding and formulating a moral code
      - progressivists also believe that since social circumstances change, moral code must change along with them
    - - asked to explain their moral judgements on a variety of controversial issues eg. suicide, abortion, divorce etc.
      - see responses how similar to each of the 3 types of ethics
      - tested diff religious cultures (traditional orthodox & non-traditional progressive)
      - results
        
        being orthodox
        
        Saw violation of divinity as main justification for morally questionable behaviours
        
        being progressive
        
        tends to highlight violations of autonomy and community which are more modern principles of morality
        
        downplay the importance of violation of divinity
        
        hence, ppl may come to same conclusions but justifications for it can vary greatly depending on specific religious teaching
  - - - extremity of the scenario was varied with minor/moderate/extreme justice breach
      - results
        
        Not stealing reflects protection of autonomy
        
        Stealing reflects community
        
        regardless of severity of justice breach, Indians more likely to fulfill interpersonal obligations than Americans
      - Indian & American participants were presented with a number of scenarios that pitted interpersonal and justice obligations against each other
  - - - Brazil & US participants living near the university
        
        low vs high SES
        
        higher prop of low SES perceive as universally wrong and should be punished
      - all these participants lived within 3 blocks but they had very diff reasoning for what is considered immoral
      - University students
        
        when said that it was a practice of a diff culture, most participants did not view the behaviour as immoral
      - study also asked participants why they felt that way
        
        higher status ppl
        
        seem to operate under ethic of autonomy
        
        more likely to view as immoral if someone was harmed
        
        lower status ppl
        
        more likely to view as immoral if they were bothered by the event, rather than if anyone was harmed
        
        operate under ethic of divinity
      - scenario that "man buys chicken from supermarket but before cooking, he has sex with it. Then he eats it"
  - - - whether one is showing loyalty, reciprocity, or fulfill the duties of their role
      - eg. immoral action would be failure to attend best friend's wedding
      - concerns the interpersonal obligations that reinforce the social order of a given cultural context
    - - sacredness must be respected and preserved
      - one should always preserve the standards prescribed by a transcendent authority or higher power (eg. God, mother nature)
      - concerned with the natural order of things
      - eg. immoral action would be genetic modifications, IVF
    - - whether one was harmed, denied their rights, treated unfairly etc.
      - eg. immoral action would be stealing someone's money
      - concerns protection of justice and individual rights
    - - violation of community ->contempt
      - violation of divinity -> disgust
      - violation of autonomy -> anger
- - - - Indians
        
        most common sol was to adopt principle of need, giving most to needy employee
        
        least common was to favour the excellent employee
      - americans
        
        most common sol was to adopt principle of equity, giving most of bonus to excellent worker
        
        least common sol was to favour the needy employee
  - - - resources should be shared equally among members of a group
    - - resources are distributed based on an individual's contributions
    - - resources are directed toward those who need them most
- - - - relationship was mediated by diffusion of responsibility
  - - - however, collectivism was positively correlated with bribery as expected and correlation remained statistically significant after GDP was controlled for
      - BUT correlational data does not show causality
      - GDP was negatively correlated with bribery